با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه اگروتکنولوژی، ، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 استاد گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

3 دکتری فیزیولوژی گیاهان زراعی، گروه اگروتکنولوژی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

4 دانشجوی دکتری بوم شناسی، گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

ردپای کربن (CF) میزان انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای به ازای واحد سطح در بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی است. از آنجا که نهاده‌های ورودی نقش مهمی در انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای به اتمسفر دارد، شاخص اکولوژیکی CF برای ارزیابی تبعات زیست‌محیطی در بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی مورد استفاده قرار می‌گیرد. هدف از این مطالعه، برآورد CF و کارایی کربن (CE) در نظام‌های تولید زعفران در استان‌های خراسان شمالی، جنوبی و رضوی بود. همچنین آنالیز ارزیابی چرخه حیات برای کمی‌سازی اثر فعالیت‌های کشاورزی بر محیط زیست در نظام‌های تولید زعفران انجام گردید. شاخص‌های مورد بررسی شامل پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی، پتانسیل اسیدی شدن، پتانسیل اوتریفیکاسیون در زیرگروه‌های خشکی و آبی، انتشار مستقیم و غیرمستقیم N2O، انتشار N2O تحت تاثیر آبشویی و تصعید، ورودی‌های کربن (Ci)، خروجی‌های کربن (Co)، CF و CE بودند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که کمترین پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی در نظام‌های تولید زعفران برای خراسان جنوبی برابر با 43/339 کیلوگرم معادل CO2 به ازای یک کیلوگرم گل محاسبه گردید. کمترین شاخص بوم‌شناخت (EcoX) مربوط به استان خراسان جنوبی (با 039/0 EcoX به ازای یک کیلوگرم گل) بود. انتشار اکسید نیتروس در استان‌های خراسان جنوبی، رضوی و شمالی به ترتیب 51/95974، 4/199674 و 344723 کیلوگرم N2O به ازای یک هکتار برآورد گردید. بالاترین انتشار N2O تحت تاثیر فرآیندهای آبشویی و تصعید برای استان خراسان شمالی (به ترتیب با 21/1 و 23/24 کیلوگرم N2O به ازای یک هکتار) محاسبه شد. بالاترین ورودی‌‌ها و خروجی‌های کربن مربوط به خراسان شمالی به ترتیب با 52/117986 و 56/15135 کیلوگرم کربن به ازای یک هکتار بود. بیشترین ردپای کربن مربوط به خراسان شمالی با 8/7 و بالاترین کارایی کربن برای خراسان جنوبی با 18/0 بدست آمد. سوخت‌ فسیلی و خاکورزی‌ فشرده مهمترین عوامل انتشار CO2 تعیین گردیدند. بنابراین، انتخاب خاکورزی‌های حفاظتی و کاهش یافته، وارد کردن گونه‌های تثبیت‌کننده نیتروژن، گونه‌های پوششی و کودهای سبز در تناوب زراعی با زعفران و افزایش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن را می‌توان به عنوان راهکارهای اکولوژیک برای بهبود عملکرد اقتصادی نظام‌های زعفران همراه با کاهش تبعات زیست‌محیطی و تخفیف ردپای کربن این سیستم‌های زراعی مدنظر قرار داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Carbon Footprint for Saffron Production Systems in Khorasan Provinces

نویسندگان [English]

  • Surur Khorramdel 1
  • Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati 2
  • Abdollah Soltan Ahmadi 3
  • Mina Hooshmand 4
  • Mohammad Javad Mostafavi 4

1 Associated Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

2 Professor, Department of Agrotecnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

3 PhD in Crop Physiology, Department of Agrotecnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

4 PhD student in Agroecology, Department of Agrotecnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Carbon footprint (CF) is the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of farmlands. Since the used inputs have an important role in greenhouse gas emissions, CF as an ecological indicator have been extensively applied for assessing the environmental externalities in agroecosystems. This study was conducted to estimate the CF and carbon efficiency (CE) of saffron production systems in North Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and South Khorasan provinces. Also, life cycle assessment analysis is calculated for quantifying the impact of saffron farming activity on the environment. Studied indices were global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential )AP) and eutrophication potential in terrestrial (UPT) and aquatic (UPA) sub-categories, N2Odirect, N2Oindirect, N2O emissions affected as volatilization and leaching, carbon inputs (Ci), carbon outputs (Co), CF and CE. The results revealed that the lowest GWP for saffron production systems was related to south Khorasan with 339.43 kg CO2 equiv./ one kg flower yield. The minimum environmental index (EcoX) was recorded for south Khorasan (0.039 EcoX/ one kg flower yield). N2O emissions in South Khorasan, Razavi Khorasan and North Khorasan provinces were estimated with 95974.51, 199674.4 and 344723 kg N2O per one ha, respectively. The largest N2O emissions affected as leaching and volatilization were calculated for North Khorasan province (with 1.21 and 24.23 kg N2O per one ha, respectively). The maximum Ci and Co were related to North Khorasan province with 117986.52 and 15135.56 kg C per one ha, respectively. The largest CF and CE were computed for North Khorasan and south Khorasan provinces with 7.8 and 0.18, respectively. It concluded that adoption on conservation and reduced tillages, N2- fixing pulses, cover crops and green manures in rotations with saffron and increased nitrogen use efficiency as ecological approaches can optimize the system performance while reducing environmental externalities and the carbon footprint of the crop cultivation. So, with relevant agro-environmental policies in saffron production systems along with the adoption of improved agronomical practices increasing flower yield with no cost the environment can be achieved effectively, efficiently and economically.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • N2O emission
  • Global warming potential
  • Carbon efficiency
  • Nitrogen use efficiency
  • Greenhouse gases
 
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