با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه پژوهشی گیاه و تنش‌های محیطی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند

2 پژوهشگر و کارشناس فنی امور پژوهشی، آموزشی و ترویج پژوهشکده زعفران دانشگاه تربت‌حیدریه

چکیده

این تحقیق به صورت پرسشنامه‌ای و نیز با کمک گرفتن از نتایج آنالیز خاک (محتوای مادة آلی، نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم) مزارع زعفران شهرستان تربت‌حیدریه در سال 1400-1399 اجرا شد. در این پژوهش روش‌های مدیریت آبیاری و تغذیه‌ای زعفران در بین سه گروه‌ تولیدکننده (کشاورزان پیشرو یا خبره، کشاورزان ماهر و کشاورزان معمولی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و با توصیه‌های کارشناسان علم زعفران مقایسه شد. قرارگیری کشاورزان در سه طبقة مورد اشاره بر اساس عملکرد کلاله در ارتباط با سن مزرعه بود. نتایج نشان داد بیشتر کشاورزان ماهر و پیشرو از روش مدیریت تغذیه تلفیقی مصرف کود آلی با کود شیمیایی استفاده می‌کنند (حدود 65 درصد)، در حالی‌که مصرف منفرد کود شیمیایی در بین کشاورزان معمولی بیشترین فراوانی (5/47 درصد) را داشت. میانگین مصرف کود دامی برای کشاورزان معمولی، ماهر و پیشرو به‌ترتیب 0/5، 3/6 و 7/10 تن در هکتار در سال (کمتر از مقدار 2/19 تن توصیه شده توسط کارشناسان) و میانگین مصرف نیتروژن به‌ترتیب 5/49، 5/56 و 87 کیلوگرم در هکتار در سال (در برابر 3/93 کیلوگرم توصیه شده توسط کارشناسان) بود. مصرف فسفر و خصوصاً پتاسیم در بین کشاورزان چندان متداول نبود. میانگین محتوای ماده آلی مزارع 68/0 درصد، نیتروژن 041/0 درصد، فسفر 1/16 و پتاسیم 292 قسمت در میلیون بود که بیانگر فقر خاک-های زیرکشت زعفران از نظر مادة آلی و تا حدودی نیتروژن می‌باشد. تعداد دفعات مصرف برگی عناصر غذایی برای مزارع کشاورزان معمولی، ماهر و پیشرو به‌ترتیب 23/0، 65/0 و 0/1 نوبت در هر سال و متوسط تعداد دفعات آبیاری به‌ترتیب 2/3، 6/3 و 6/4 نوبت در طی فصل رشد زعفران بود که کمتر از مقادیر توصیه شده توسط متخصصان می‌باشد (به‌ترتیب 55/2 و 8/5 نوبت در سال). آبیاری تابستانه (4/44 درصد از کشاورزان) و نیز روش آبیاری بارانی (8/26 درصد از کشاورزان) در بین کشاورزان پیشرو رواج بیشتری داشت. در مجموع، فقر ماده آلی و کمبود نیتروژن خاک، عدم رعایت تعداد دفعات مناسب محلول‌پاشی برگی و عدم استفاده روش‌های آبیاری نوین از مهمترین ضعف‌های مدیریتی مزارع زعفران بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of saffron irrigation and nutritional management among different farmers groups compared to experts recommendations

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid-Reza Fallahi 1
  • Alijan Salariyan 2

1 Associate Professor, Plant and Environmental Stresses Research Group, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran

2 Researcher and technical expert of research, educational and extension affairs of Saffron Institute, University of Torbat-Heydariyeh

چکیده [English]

This research was conducted using questionnaires and the analysis of soil samples (the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) obtained from saffron fields of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. In this research, saffron irrigation and nutrition management methods among three farmer groups (progressive farmers, skilled farmers and ordinary farmers) were investigated and compared with the recommendations of saffron researchers. The classification of farmers in the mentioned three classes was based on the stigma yield in relation to the field age. The results showed that most of the progressive and skilled farmers used the combined nutrition management method (organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer with frequency of about 65%), while the single application of chemical fertilizer was the most common method among ordinary farmers (47.5%). The mean amount of organic manure application for ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 5.0, 6.3 and 10.7 ton ha-1year-1, respectively (less than the amount of 19.2 tons recommended by researchers) and the mean amount of nitrogen application was 49.5, 56.5 and 87 kg ha-1 (compared with 93.3 kg recommended by researchers). The application of phosphorus and particularly potassium was not a common practice among all three groups’ farmers. The average content of organic matter in the fields was 0.68%, nitrogen 0.041%, phosphorus 16.1ppm and potassium 292 ppm, which indicates the poverty of soils in terms of organic matter and to some extent nitrogen. The foliar application of nutrients for the fields of ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 0.23, 0.65 and 1.00 times per year, respectively, and the average irrigation times was 3.2, 3.6, and 4.6 times per year, respectively, which is less than the recommended values by experts (2.55 and 5.8 times per year, respectively). Summer irrigation (44.4% of farmers) and sprinkle irrigation method (26.8% of farmers) were more common among progressive farmers. In general, the poverty of organic matter and lack of nitrogen in the soil, low foliar application of nutrients and lack of use of modern irrigation methods were among the most important reasons for the high gap yield of saffron fields.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Foliar application of nutrients
  • nitrogen
  • organic fertilizer
  • organic matter
  • progressive farmers
  • sprinkle irrigation
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