با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری، گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه و پژوهشگر پژوهشکده زعفران، تربت حیدریه، ایران

2 استادیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه و پژوهشگر پژوهشکده زعفران، تربت حیدریه، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه و پژوهشگر پژوهشکده زعفران، تربت حیدریه، ایران

4 دانشجوی دکتری زراعت، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند و پژوهشگر پژوهشکده زعفران، تربت حیدریه، ایران

5 ستادیار گروه مهندسی آب، مجتمع آموزش عالی میناب، دانشگاه هرمزگان، ایران

چکیده

کودگاوی از متداولترین کودهای مصرفی در زعفرانکاری است، اما مشکل اصلی آن سرعت کم آزادسازی عناصر غذایی است؛ که کشاورز را بسمت استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی سوق می‌دهد. باورود فناوری نانو به عرصه کشاورزی انتظار می‌رود تا راه‌حل مناسبی برای بهبود زمان جذب کودهای آلی پیدا شود. نانوذرات کودگاوی با سطح ویژه بیشتر می‌توانند مدت زمان تجزیه کودگاوی را کاهش دهند. از اینرو طرحی بصورت اسپلیت‌پلات در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی جهت مقایسه عملکرد کودهای شیمیایی و گاوی معمول با کودگاوی درمقیاس نانو برروی عملکرد زعفران و خصوصیات خاک اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی در هفت سطح (شامل نانو کودگاوی به دومیزان پنج و 20تن درهکتار وبه دوصورت کاربرد بعنوان مالچ و مخلوط با خاک، کودگاوی معمولی به‌میزان 20تن در هکتار و به دوصورت مالچ و مخلوط با خاک وعدم مصرف کودگاوی) و فاکتورفرعی شامل کود شیمیایی NPK (در دوسطح مصرف و عدم مصرف) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که با نانوکردن کودگاوی نیمه‌عمر آن درخاک از حدود 36هفته به 11هفته کاهش یافت. تیمار مصرف نانوکودگاوی به‌میزان 20تن درهکتار بصورت مخلوط در خاک نسبت به تیمارهای کودگاوی معمولی، تیمار کود شیمیایی و شاهد بترتیب افزایش عملکرد خشک کلاله به میزان 7/43، 46 و 57 درصدی را نشان داد. نانوکردن کودگاوی سبب حفظ رطوبت بیشتر، مقاومت مکانیکی کمتر خاک ودرصد عناصر غذایی بیشتر درگیاه شد. درمقایسه دو روش مختلف مصرف کود، درروش مالچ میزان رطوبت بیشتر درخاک و مقاومت مکانیکی سطحی کمتر و در روش مخلوط میزان عناصر غذایی بیشتر دربرگ مشاهده شد. نتایج نشان داد درصورت نانوکردن کودگاوی، روش مخلوط نسبت به مالچ ارجحیت دارد. با نانوکردن کودگاوی، استفاده از روش مخلوط به‌جای مالچ و کابرد سطوح بالاتر کودهای گاوی از تأثیر هم‌افزایی کودهای شیمیایی درافزایش عملکرد کاسته شد، بطوریکه درتیمار کاربرد کودگاوی نانو به‌مقدار 20تن درهکتار و به‌روش مخلوط در خاک افزایش عملکرد معنی‌داری در اثر افزودن کود شیمیایی مشاهده نشد. همچنین اعمال تیمار کودگاوی نانو به مقدار پنج تن در هکتار نسبت به تیمار کودگاوی معمولی به‌میزان 20تن درهکتار، افزایش عملکرد 22درصدی نشان داد. درمجموع نتایج نشان داد که؛ می‌توان با نانوکردن کودگاوی سبب افزایش 22درصدی عملکرد درکنار کاهش 75درصدی مصرف کودهای گاوی درفصل دوم رشد زعفران شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Application of nano cow manure compared to common chemical and cow fertilizers on saffron yield and some soil characteristics

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hesam Aryanpour 1
  • hossein sahabi 2
  • Hassan Feizi 3
  • Alijan Salariyan 4
  • Amir Salari 5

1 Ph.D. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor, Department of plant production, university of Torbat Heydarieh

3 Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Torbat Heydarieh, Iran

4 Ph.D. Student of Agronomy, Saffron Institute researcher, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.

5 -Assistant Professor, Department of water science engineering. University of hormozgan, Minab higher ducation center, Minab, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Cow manure is one of the most commonly used fertilizers in saffron cultivation, but its main problem is the slow process of decomposition and the slow release of nutrients in the short term; leading to over use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. It is expected that with the introduction of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture, a suitable solution will be found to improve the absorption time of organic fertilizers. Cattle manure nanoparticles can reduce the decomposition time of cattle manure with higher specific surface area. Therefore, a split-plot design was carried out using two conventional methods of mulching and mixing with soil on the performance of saffron and soil characteristics to compare the performance of conventional chemical fertilizers and cow manure with nano cow manure.The main factor in seven levels (including nano cow manure in two amounts of five and 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of application of mulch and mixed with soil, normal cow manure in the amount of 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of mulch and mixed with soil and no use cow manure) and the sub-factor included NPK chemical fertilizer (at two levels of use and non-use). The results showed that by making cattle manure nanosized, its half-life in the soil decreased from about 36 weeks to 11 weeks. Nano cow manure treatment of 20 tons per hectare mixed with soil showed an increase in dry stigma yield by 43.7, 46 and 57%, respectively, compared to conventional cow manure treatments, chemical fertilizer treatments, and controls. The nano application of cow manure resulted in maintaining more moisture, less mechanical resistance in the soil, and more percentage of nutrients in the plant. In the comparison of the two methods of mulching and mixing, it was observed that in the mulching method, the amount of moisture is higher and the surface mechanical resistance is lower in the soil, and in the mixing method, the amount of nutrients in the leaves is higher. The results showed that in treatments with nano cow manure, the mixed method is preferable to mulch. By making cattle manure nano, using the mixed method instead of mulch and applying higher levels of cattle manure, was reduced the synergistic effect of chemical fertilizers in increasing yield. As in nano cow manure treatment (20 tons per hectare mixed with soil) was not observed significant yield increase due to the addition of chemical fertilizer. Also, nano cow manuew five ton per hectare treatments (mulch and mixture) showed a 22% yield increase compared to conventional cow manure treatments. It is possible to increase the yield by 22% by making cow manure nanosized, along with reducing the consumption of cow manure by 75% in the second year of saffron cultivation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Fertilizer half-life
  • Flowering
  • Mulch
  • Organic nanofertilizer
  • Stigma
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