با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

استادیار گروه کشاورزی مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد

چکیده

به منظور بررسی واکنش گیاه دارویی زعفران به تراکم کاشت و سطوح مختلف کود دامی آزمایشی دو ساله به صورت اسپلیت پلات و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال های زراعی 95-1394 و 96-1395 در منطقه گناباد اجرا شد. عامل اصلی شامل فواصل روی ردیف 5، 10، و 15 سانتی متر و عامل فرعی بصورت شاهد (عدم مصرف کود)، و کاربرد 20، 40، و 60 تن در هکتار کود گاوی بود. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد حداکثر عملکرد گل تر در سال اول (4/127 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از کاربرد 60 تن در هکتار و در سال دوم (3/72 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از مصرف 40 تن در هکتار کود گاوی تحت تراکم کاشت 5 سانتی متر روی ردیف بدست آمد. بیشترین عملکرد کلاله تر در هر دو سال آزمایش (به ترتیب با مقادیر 300/10 و 383/5 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در اثر کاشت پرتراکم (فاصله روی ردیف 5 سانتی متر) و اعمال 40 تن در هکتار کود گاوی حاصل شد. عملکرد کلاله خشک نیز در نتیجه تأثیر همین تیمار به ترتیب با مقادیر 300/2 و 770/1 کیلوگرم در هکتار در دو سال آزمایش افزایش بیشتری در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها نشان داد. بالاترین تعداد بنه خواهری در هر دو سال آزمایش (به ترتیب 614 و 591 بنه در متر مربع) از کشت با بیشترین تراکم بنه حاصل شد. در سال اول، تیمار 40 تن در هکتار کود دامی بیشترین مقادیر (592 بنه در متر مربع) را داشته و در سال دوم، تیمار 60 تن در هکتار بالاترین مقادیر (572 بنه در متر مربع) را نشان داد. بیشترین عملکرد بنه در سال اول با میانگین 22724 کیلوگرم در هکتار از فاصله روی ردیف 5 سانتی متر و اعمال 40 تن در هکتار کود دامی حاصل شد. اما در سال دوم بیشترین میانگین (12429 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از همین تراکم کاشت و مصرف 60 تن در هکتار کود دامی بدست آمد. بنابراین، برای دستیابی به عملکرد اقتصادی مناسب در زراعت زعفران، کاربرد 40 تن در هکتار کود گاوی در تراکم کاشت 5×20 سانتی متر در شرایط اقلیمی و خاکی مشابه با محل این آزمایش پیشنهاد می گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation the effect of manure and planting pattern on some flower and corm quantitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Gonabad climatic conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Yaser Esmaeilian
  • Mohammad Behzad Amiri

Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran

چکیده [English]

In order to study the response of saffron medicinal plant to planting density and different levels of manure, a two year experiment was conducted in split-plot as complete block design with three replications in 2015-16 and 2016-2017 in Gonabad area. Main factor consisted of 5, 10, and 15 cm plant spacing on row and sub factor was control (no manure application), and application of 0, 20, 40, and 60 t/ha cow manure. Experiment results showed that maximum value of fresh flower yield in first year (127.4 kg/ha) achieved in 60 t/ha and in second year (72.3 kg/ha) obtained from 40 t/ha manure application under 5 cm plant spacing in row. The highest fresh stigma yield in both years (10.300 and 5.383 kg/ha, respectively) was obtained due to high planting density (5 cm plant spacing in row) and 40 t/ha manure application. Also, dry stigma yield under this treatment with 2.300 and 1.770 kg/ha, respectively had more increase in both years than other treatments. The highest daughter corm number in both years (614 and 591 corm/m2, respectively) obtained from highest corm planting density. In first year, 40 t/ha manure treatment had the highest value (592 corm/m2) and in second year, 60 t/ha manure application showed the highest value (572 corm/m2). In first year, the highest corm yield with 22724 kg/ha achieved from 5 cm plant spacing in row and 40 t/ha manure. But, in second year the highest mean value (12429 kg/ha) obtained from the same planting density and use of 60 t/ha manure. Therefore, to achieve suitable economic yield in saffron cultivation, application of 40 t/ha cow manure in 20×5 cm planting density under climatic and edaphic conditions similar to this experiment location is suggested.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Density
  • Cow manure
  • Environmental Factors
  • Stigma
  • Yield
Andres, L. 1992. Manure management and composting. Canadian Organic Growers 122: 433-437.
Bathaie, S.Z., and Mousavi, S.Z. 2010. New applications and mechanisms of action of saffron and its important ingredients. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 50: 761-786.
Behdani, M., Koocheki, A., Nassiri M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2005. Evaluation of quantity relations between yield and nutrient consumption in saffron: On farm study. Journal of Iranian Field Crop Research 3 (1): 34-39. (In Persian with English Summary).
Bicharanlou, B., Koocheki, A., Bagheri, M., and Asadi, G.A. 2016. Feasibility of saffron cultivation in northern area of Khorasan province. 5th International Saffron Symposium Biology and Technology, Agadir, Morocco, 23-26 November 2016. pp. 107.
De Juan, A., Lopez-Corcholes, H., Munoz, R.M., and Picornell, M.R. 2009. Yield and yield components of saffron under different cropping systems. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 212-219.
Feizi, H., Seyyedi, S.M., and Sahabi, H. 2015. Effect of corm planting density, organic and chemical fertilizers on formation and phosphorus uptake of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) replacement corms during phonological stages. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 2 (4): 289-301. (In Persian with English Summary).
Fernandez, R., Scull, R., Gonzales, J.L., Crespo, M., Sanchez, E., and Carballo, C. 1993. Effect of fertilization on yield and quality of Matricaria recutita L. (Chamomile). Aspects of mineral nutrition of the crop. 11th Memorias Latin American Congress of Soil Science, 2ed Cubcno Congress of Soil Science, Berlin, Germany, 11-17 March 1993. pp. 891-894.
Galvao, J.C.C., Miranda, G.V., and Santos, I.C. 1999. Organic fertilization: a chance for small ones. Cultivar 9: 38-41.
Hassanzadeh Aval, F., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Bannayan Aval, M., and Khorasani, R. 2013. Effects of maternal corm weight and different levels of cow manure on corm and flower yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy and Technology 1 (1): 22-39. (In Persian with English Summary).
Izadi, Z., Ahmadvand, G., Esna-Ashari, M., and Piri, K. 2010. The effect of nitrogen and plant density on some growth characteristics, yield and essential oil in peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8: 824-836. (In Persian with English Summary).
Kafi, M. 2002. Saffron: Technology, Production and Processing. Zaban va Adab Publications, 280 pp. (In Persian).
Kariminezhad, M., Pazoki, A.R., and Fooladi Toroghi, A. 2012. Study the effects of planting patterns and density on yield and some agronomic traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Sharr-e-Rey area. Research in Agronomy Sciences 5 (18): 51-60. (In Persian with English Summary).
Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Mollafilabi, A., and Seyyedi, S.M. 2015. Study the flower and corm yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in response to planting density and manure in first year. Journal of Agroecology 6 (4): 719-729. (In Persian with English Summary).
Koocheki, A., and Seyyedi, S.M. 2016. Effects of corm size, organic fertilizers, Fe-EDTA and Zn-EDTA foliar application on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in a calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions. Notulae Scientia Biologicae 8 (4): 461-467.
Koocheki, A., Tabrizi, L., Jahani, M., and Mohammad Abadi, A.A. 2011. Evaluation of high corm density and three methods planting on some agronomic traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and corm situation. Iranian Journal of Horticulture Science 42 (4): 379-391. (In Persian with English Summary).
Malakouti, M.J. 1996. Sustainable agriculture and yield increase by fertilizer use optimization in Iran. Agriculture Education Publication. 460 p. (In Persian).
Mohamad Abadi, A.A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Sabori, A. 2007. Effect of plant distance on flower yield and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of forage production of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Mashhad conditions. Acta Horticulturae 739: 151-153.
Naderi Darbaghshahi, M.R., Khajebashi, S.M., Bani Taba, S.A., and Dehdashti, S.M. 2009. Effects of planting method, density and depth on yield and production period of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Isfahan region. Seed and Plant Improvement Journal 24: 643-657. (In Persian with English Summary).
Negbi, M. 1999. Saffron: Crocus sativus L. (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants -Industrial Profiles). Ed. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khorramdel, S., Shabahang, J., and Amin Ghafouri, A. 2013. Evaluation of planting method, corm weight and density effects on growth characteristics and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Agroecology 3 (1): 52-68. (In Persian with English Summary).
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Mohammad Abadi, A.A., Fallahi, J., and Aghhavani Shajari, M. 2010. Effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on number of corm and stigma yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). 59th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research, Antalya, Turkey, 4-9 September 2011, p. 138.
Rostami, M., and Mohammadi, H. 2013. Effects of planting date and plant density on the growth and yield of saffron corms in climatic conditions Malayer. Journal of Agroecology 5 (1): 27-38. (In Persian with English Summary).
Sadeghi, S.M., Dehnadi Moghaddam, G., and Dooroodian, H.R. 2014. Evaluation of effects of date, depth and corm sowing distance on corms growth and stigma yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Langarood, Guilan province. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 2 (2): 45-54. (In Persian with English Summary).
Schmidt, M., Betti, G., and Hensel, A. 2007.  Saffron in phytotherapy: pharmacology and clinical uses. Wien Med Wochenschr 157: 315-319.
Shahande, H. 1990. Evaluation of chemo-physical characteristic of soil due to saffron yield at Gonabad. Report of Khorasan Science and Technology Park. (In Persian).
Temperini, O., Rea, R., Temperini, A., Colla, G., and Rouphael, Y. 2009. Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) production in Italy: Effects of the age of saffron fields and plant density. Food, Agriculture and Environment 7 (1): 19-23.
Trani, P.E., Tavares, M., Siqueira, W.J., Santos, R.R., Bisao, L.L., and Lisbao, R.S. 1997. Garlic cultivation. Recommendation for its cultivation in the State of São Paulo. Campinas, IAC. 26 p.
Yau, S.K., and Nimah, M. 2004. Spacing effects on corm and flower production of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Lebanese Science Journal 5: 13-20.
Yousuf, V., Azam Wani, M., Ghani, M.Y., and Nehvi, F.A. 2009. Effect of fertilizer, soil amendments and antifungal compound on severity of corm rot of saffron. 3rd International Symposium on saffron forthcoming challenges in cultivation research and economics. 20-24 May 2009, Krokos, Kozani, Greece. p. 49.