Other subject about saffron
Hamidreza sharifi; zohreh nabipour; Hamidreza Tavakoli-kakhki
Abstract
In order to investigate the effect of planting density, corm weight and planting depth on the quantity and quality of corms obtained from saffron corm production fields, an experiment in the form of a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications at the ...
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In order to investigate the effect of planting density, corm weight and planting depth on the quantity and quality of corms obtained from saffron corm production fields, an experiment in the form of a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and natural resources of Razavi Khorasan (Gonabad research station with latitude 34 degrees 21 minutes north and longitude 58 degrees 41 minutes east) was carried out in the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. In this research, planting density treatment (at four levels of 60, 90, 120 and 150 corms per square meter) in the main plot and factorial planting depth (at two levels of 15 ± 2 and 25 ± 2 cm from the soil surface) and corm weight (at two levels) level of 4±1 and 8±1 g) were located in the sub-plot. The results showed that higher density increased the number of daughter corms per square meter and the total weight of daughter corms per square meter and decreased the average fresh weight of a single corm, the ratio of the total weight of harvested corms to the planted corms and the coefficient of corm multiplication. In addition to this, the increase in the weight of mother corms and surface planting caused an increase in the number of daughter corms, the average fresh weight of a single corm, the total fresh weight of all corms, and the multiplication factor. The double interaction effect of density × corm weight on the number of daughter corms, the total fresh weight of all daughter corms, the interaction effect of density × planting depth on the average weight of a single corm and the ratio of harvested to planted corm weight and the interaction effect of corm weight × planting depth On the number of daughter corms in the second year, the average fresh weight of a single corm and the total fresh weight of all the corms per square meter were significant only in the first year. Based on this, the effect of increasing the weight of mother corms on improving the fresh weight of daughter corms at a depth of 15 cm was more than that of 25 cm. In general, it seems that at least in the fields that are cultivated with the aim of obtaining seed pods in the first years, using a density of 120 pods per square meter using standard mother pods (that is, the average pod weight) 8 grams) and surface planting (i.e. planting depth of 15 cm) is recommended, but for functional farms, larger mother corms have a relative priority only in the early years, and with the age of the field, the importance of its effect decreases. Based on this, it seems that it is possible to use a different strategy with a combination of less depth and especially more density to compensate for the effect of stem weight and achieve more performance overall.
Other subject about saffron
Mostafa Dehbashi; Amir Rajaei; Hossein KardanMoghadam
Abstract
Saffron is one of the most valuable crops on the planet and the most expensive agricultural and medicinal product globally; this plant has a special place among the industrial and export products of Iran. One of the challenges in the production of this plant is timely harvest from the ground as well ...
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Saffron is one of the most valuable crops on the planet and the most expensive agricultural and medicinal product globally; this plant has a special place among the industrial and export products of Iran. One of the challenges in the production of this plant is timely harvest from the ground as well as red stigmas (branches) separating from other parts of saffron because the flowers are harvested in a brief period. Further, harvesting and separating at a limited time is a critical point. This research has been tried with the help of image processing techniques to discuss and recognize saffron flowers and how to identify them on the ground. In the first step, saffron flowers are recognized by transforming colored spaces. Then, the histogram and the minimum threshold are used to segment and remove extra pixels. For this purpose, to identify flowers, RGB space is converted to YCbCr space, and the combination of HSI and YCbCr color space is used to distinguish other objects in the image; also, a histogram of Cb component for early identification of saffron flowers are used. Then, those pixels which are misidentified are removed by the threshold value. Next step, the saffron flower needle-shaped leaves that are placed on the flowers are restored by morphological operation of the proposed method, and the flowers that overlap are removed. Then, the type of saffron flower (bud, broken, open flower) is determined, and the ability of harvest or suitability of saffron flowers for harvesting has been determined. Finally, the flower center that can be harvested is recognized and used by the saffron harvesting robot. Average results with respect to the accuracy, recall, F-measure, correctness, and correlation coefficient were 99.79, 99.42, 99.60, 99.91, and 99.50 achieved by the proposed method, respectively.
Other subject about saffron
hossein sahabi; fatemeh moallem banhangi
Abstract
In order to evaluate the trend of saffron yield and study the relationship between saffron yield fluctuations and various climatic parameters, research was designed and conducted in Mashhad, Torbat Heydariyeh, Kashmar, Birjand and Qaen during 20 years (1998-2018). According to meteorological data from ...
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In order to evaluate the trend of saffron yield and study the relationship between saffron yield fluctuations and various climatic parameters, research was designed and conducted in Mashhad, Torbat Heydariyeh, Kashmar, Birjand and Qaen during 20 years (1998-2018). According to meteorological data from the last 20 years, the average rainfall decreased by 33% and the average temperature increased by 0.5 °C . On the other hand, the regression results between yield and climatic parameters indicates that the pattern of temperature rise and decreased rainfall in all studied cities was significantly in line with saffron yield declining. In this period, the study's findings also revealed that over the last 20 years, an average of 112.3 hectares of saffron cultivation have been added to the areas under cultivation of saffron and at the same time, saffron yields have dropped by an average of 0.08 kg per hectare. Climatic indicators significantly affected decreased saffron yield in Razavi and South Khorasan. The results also revealed that the average and maximum temperature were the main variables influencing the reduction of saffron yield. For instance in Torbat-e Heydarieh, the variable of average temperature predicted 42 percent of the variability of the yield and in other cities studied, the maximum temperature variable predicted between 24 and 56% of the variability of the yield. Furthermore, the results of the time series analysis of saffron yield revealed that saffron yield will show a decreasing and negative trend by 2025 in all studied cities. Up to 2025, Mashhad and Kashmar with a slope of 0.09 and 0.07 kg/ha, had the highest and lowest decreasing trends, respectively.
Other subject about saffron
Somayeh Khoshpeyk; reza sadarabadi; ahmad ahmadian
Abstract
In order to study the physiological responses of saffron(Crocus sativus L.) to salinity stress under application Silicon, nanosilicon and superabsorbent polymers, experiment as split plots in a randomized complete block design, in three replications and two cropping years it was done in a farm located ...
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In order to study the physiological responses of saffron(Crocus sativus L.) to salinity stress under application Silicon, nanosilicon and superabsorbent polymers, experiment as split plots in a randomized complete block design, in three replications and two cropping years it was done in a farm located in Ziauddin section of Torbat Heydariyeh city. the main factor of irrigation water quality in two levels (includes water with electrical conductivity of 1.96 dS /m as a control and water with an electrical conductivity of 6 dS /m). and sub-factor of application of silicon and superabsorbent in six levels, (includes non-consumption as a control, Silicon, nanosilicon each with a concentration of 1.5 per thousand, superabsorbent (0.4 g / kg dry weight of soil). Silicon with superabsorbent and nano Silicon with superabsorbent) the results showed that salinity reduces and consumes silicon and superabsorbent in both salinity treatments and lack of salinity stress significantly increases important traits of reproductive growth, Included number of flowers, weight of single flower, average stigma length and yield of saffron flower and stigma in every 2 years of experiment. effect of treatments on saffron leaf vegetative growth traits including number of leaves, average leaf, leaf yield, chlorophyll a and b content and also on the characteristics of produced female corms including total number of female corms, average corm weight and yield of female corm in every 2 years. Salinity increased sodium and decreased leaf and corm potassium. while the use of silicon and superabsorbent due to maintaining the stability of cell membranes, Significantly reduced the sodium content of leaves and corm under stress and increased the amount of potassium. concomitant use of nano-silicon with superabsorbent reduces sodium content by 27.5% and 23.7%, respectively. also, 22.1% and 33% increase in potassium content of saffron leaves and corm compared to the control in salinity conditions were tested in the second year. consumption of nanosilicone with superabsorbent in salinity conditions increased 46.8% and 54.3% in the yield of saffron flowers and stigmas in the second year compared to the first year, respectively. it also reduced the amount of proline in saffron leaves and corm in both years of experiment. The experimental results showed that the combined application of nano silicon and superabsorbent increased the quantitative and qualitative yield of Saffron in salinity conditions.
Other subject about saffron
Zohre Natavan; Rooholla Moradi; Mahdi Naghizadeh; Nasibeh Pourghasemian
Abstract
In order to study the effect of different chemical and organic mulch types on density and biomass of weed and some agronomical characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Qaen region in during 2018-2019. ...
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In order to study the effect of different chemical and organic mulch types on density and biomass of weed and some agronomical characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Qaen region in during 2018-2019. The experimental treatments were application of various mulch types for weed control (no weed control, hand weeding, transparent polyethylene, black polyethylene, beeswax waste, residues of grape leaf, wheat straw, pomegranate leaf, pistachio leaf, barley straw and saffron corm dunnage). The results showed that all the treatments except transparent polyethylene significantly reduced the number of species, density, dry weight and shannon diversity of weed compared to no weeding treatment. The lowest dry weight of weed was related to black polyethylene (52.22 g m-2) and wheat straw (123 g m-2) mulches. Application of all the mulches except transparent polyethylene caused a significant increase in corm, flowers and stigmas yield of saffron compared to non-weeding conditions. Beeswax waste and wheat straw had the highest number of flowers (151 and 135 flowers m-2) and stigma yield (4.89 and 4.32 kg ha-1), respectively. Black polyethylene, pomegranate leaf and grape leaf did not show a significant difference with hand weeding in terms of growth and yield of saffron. In general, the results confirmed that the application of all the studied mulches with the exception of transparent polyethylene led to appropriate weed control and improving saffron yield characteristics compared to no weed control treatment and are recommended to farmers.
Other subject about saffron
Seyed Mohsen Mousavi; Maryam Khoshkam; Javad Feizi
Abstract
Saffron is a plant from Crocus Sativus species which is one of the most valuable indigenous herbs in Iran and is known as the most expensive spice and red gold. Saffron stigma consists of three major constituents including crocin (water soluble caretenoid pigments), picocrocin (bitter glycoside tasting) ...
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Saffron is a plant from Crocus Sativus species which is one of the most valuable indigenous herbs in Iran and is known as the most expensive spice and red gold. Saffron stigma consists of three major constituents including crocin (water soluble caretenoid pigments), picocrocin (bitter glycoside tasting) and safranal (the major volatile constituents in saffron aroma). The aim of this study was determination and comparison of existed metabolites in different types of saffron based on their geographical origins using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy techniques (GC-MS) and 13 volatile metabolites were determined and compared in different saffron samples from seven different regions of Khorasan Razavi province. These regions were Taybad, Neyshabour, torbate heydarieh, torbate jam, Zaveh and Kashmar.The results from statistical analysis (analysis of variance ANOVA followed by Duncan test) show that the level of metabolites were different in different regions and this can be the main reason of their discrimination against each other. These volatile metabolites were safranal, Megastigma-4,6(Z),8(Z)-triene, α-Guaiene, icosane and vitamine E. The results of this study show that in spite of similarities of constituents of these saffron samples, there are significant differences between the levels of metabolites in these regions although these region are close to each other. These differences show that these saffron can be applied in different purposes including pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and health industries depending on their origin. Saffron of Torbat-e-jam is proper for food industries since it is rich in aroma and Taibad is proper for pharmaceutical, cosmetic and health industries. The quality of Kashmar saffron is worse than other regions.
Other subject about saffron
Hamid Reza Tavakkoli Kakhki; Hamidreza Sharifi; Zohreh Nabipour
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of vegetation covering and shading on the economic yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) a split–plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the Gonabad station for two cropping years (2018-2019, 2019- ...
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In order to investigate the effects of vegetation covering and shading on the economic yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) a split–plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted at the Gonabad station for two cropping years (2018-2019, 2019- 2020). Experiments included main factor, density at four levels (90, 60, 120 and 150 corms per square meter) and sub-factors of crop residue management and shading at four levels (removal of saffron residues at the end of growing season as (control), presence of saffron residues at the end of the growing season, (control) + use of 2 (t.ha-1) barley straw and finally (control) + use of shading). Due to the nature of sub-factors, the data for the second year of growth were measured and analyzed. The results of analysis of variance showed that density and cover management had a significant effect (p≤0.01) on the vegetative characteristics of saffron (number, length and leaf area). However, the effect of density and the interaction effect of density × covering on vegetative traits had not significant effect. Also, the results of measured traits related to yield showed that the effect of corm density, covering management and the interaction of corm density × type of covering on number, flower weight and economic stigma yield were significant (p≤0.01). The highest amount of dry stigma yield and fresh weight of flowers with values of 5.16 and 411 (kg.ha-1), respectively, achieved from the treatment of 150 corms per square meter density and use of cereal straw covering and the lowest of these traits with values of 2.2 and 200 (kg.ha-1) was obtained from the density of 60 corms per square meter and control. Stepwise regression analysis for variables related to saffron economic yield showed that the number of flowers per unit area alone could explain 90.59% of the variation in saffron economic performance. Considering the positive effect of covering application on adjusting soil temperature compared to the maximum daily air temperature (at least 7%) and the simultaneous positive effect of this method of cropping management with induction of flowering stage in saffron, it seems that the use of different types of covering, especially cereal straw, is recommended to stabilize and improve saffron yield due to its low cost and easier access to covering saffron fields.
Other subject about saffron
Bi bi Marzieh Razavizadeh; Abdollah Molafilabi; Ali Faezian; Noora Arabshahi Delooei
Abstract
The effect of sound waves on saffron corms in the controlled environment and aeroponic cultivation on the amount of flowering and production of saffron stigma are investigated in this study. Sound waves with a sound pressure level of 77 decibel for 15 minutes a day were induced into two groups of corms. ...
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The effect of sound waves on saffron corms in the controlled environment and aeroponic cultivation on the amount of flowering and production of saffron stigma are investigated in this study. Sound waves with a sound pressure level of 77 decibel for 15 minutes a day were induced into two groups of corms. In the first group, the effects of sound waves with frequencies of 0.5, 1 and 2 kHz and also a type of classical music sound on saffron corms in different periods of flowering induction, flowering and the whole period (flowering formation) were studied. In the second group, this test was performed on bulbs only in the flowering period with single frequencies of 4, 8, 12 and 16 kHz. Also, the effect of sound application time in 15, 30 and 60 minutes per day at 16 kHz frequency on the corms was investigated. Statistical results showed that in the first group, induction of single frequency sound led to production of flowers and also saffron stigma amounts less than or equal to that of the control group. However, these differences were not significant except for the treatment on flowering period at 500 Hz (p < 0.05). The application of musical sound in different stages of corm growth reduced its flowering efficiency compared to the control group. Among the treatments of the second group, the mean values of number of flowers at 4 and 8 kHz frequencies were higher than that of the control group. In the treatment with a frequency of 4 kHz, which produced the highest amount of flowers and stigmas, the flowering efficiency of saffron corms increased more than 4.0%. Also, increasing the duration of sound application from 15 min to 30 and 60 min per day caused a significant increase in the number of flowers and the flowering efficiencies had increased by 6.0 and 10.4% compared to that of the control group during 30 and 60 min, respectively.
Other subject about saffron
Hamid alizadeh; Habibollah Salarzehi; Gol Bahar Pouranjenar
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to use entrepreneurial thinking to identify and prioritize the development strategies of entrepreneurship and commercialization of saffron in rural areas of South Khorasan province in order to rotate traditional agricultural activities in southern Khorasan Province toward ...
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The purpose of this study was to use entrepreneurial thinking to identify and prioritize the development strategies of entrepreneurship and commercialization of saffron in rural areas of South Khorasan province in order to rotate traditional agricultural activities in southern Khorasan Province toward innovative activities. In this paper, the integrated approach of the dynamics analysis process SWOT-AHP. First, SWOT analysis has identified and categorized the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of saffron activities in rural areas of South Khorasan Province. Since the issue of decision making of the present research is of a multi-index type and its structure has a hierarchical component of decision-making elements, including goal, criteria and sub-criteria, the hierarchical analysis process (AHP) to calculate the weight and importance of each of the criteria and The following criteria have been used through SWOT analysis. In order to collect the research data, the matrix of paired comparison of each of the components and groups was completed using 15 experts and agricultural industry activists, whose internal strengths with the relative weight of 372/0 were in the first rank and also external opportunities with a relative weight of 344/0 And external threats with a relative weight of 148 and, finally, internal weaknesses with a relative weight of 136/0 were ranked next. The results show that the most important strategy for the development of entrepreneurship and commercialization of saffron in rural areas of South Khorasan province is SO strategy with a utility index of 26.2. The most suitable strategies of this kind are the creation of a suitable platform for private sector investment in the development and commercialization of agricultural products, the use of specialized and experienced personnel to establish community-based associations and promote and educate in the field of commercialization, with emphasis on practical aspects through meetings. And various meetings with the people of the region, marketing and advertising to introduce strategic products in South Khorasan province, the strengthening and support of purchasing cooperatives in the cultivation areas were selected for direct purchase from farmers as the most important strategies.
Other subject about saffron
Mohammad Ali Behdani; Mahdi Gerami Sadeghian; Seyed vahid eslami; Mohammad Hossein Aminifard
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of foliar application of Acadian seaweed extract and Biomix liquid poultry manure on vegetative growth, corm, and yield of saffron. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Ferdows city ...
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of foliar application of Acadian seaweed extract and Biomix liquid poultry manure on vegetative growth, corm, and yield of saffron. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Ferdows city during the 2017-2018 growing year. Experimental treatments included four levels of Acadian seaweed extract (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg. l000 L-1 water) and four levels of liquid Biomix liquid poultry manure (0, 4, 5, and 6 L. l000 L-1 water). The results showed a significant effect of treatments on the studied traits, such as maximum number of flowers (99.50 N. m-2), fresh yield of flowers (33.34 g.m-2), dry weight of saffron stigma (0.341 g. m-2), dry leaf weight (0.592 g plant-1), and leaf length (63.75 cm) obtained in 2 kg. l000 L-1 seaweed extract. Besides, the results showed a significant effect of liquid poultry manure on flower number and yield (94.250 N.m-2 and 32.285 g. m-2, respectively), leaf length (60.66 cm), fresh and dry leaf weight (0.74 and 0.46 g.m-2, respectively), and total weight of replacement corm (37.02 g.m-2). Also, the least amount of the mentioned traits were observed from the control treatment. The interaction between these two fertilizers was also significant in fresh and dry leaf weight and the total and average diameter of replacement corm. Thus, fresh and dry leaf weight (210% and 273%, respectively) were highest in the treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 of seaweed extract and 6 L. l000 L-1 of liquid poultry manure. Moreover, total and average diameter of replacement corm (33% and 50%, respectively) were highest in the treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 of seaweed extract and no liquid poultry manure. According to the results of this study, the use of Acadian seaweed extract (2 kg. l000L-1 water) alone or in combination with Biomix liquid poultry manure (6 L. l000 L-1 water) can play an important role in enhancing the vegetative growth, corm, and yield of saffron.
Other subject about saffron
Aliakbar Anabestani; Mahdi Javanshiri; Khadijeh Yazdani
Abstract
Changing the use of agricultural land in the village, which is mainly due to human activities, has, in addition to indirect environmental changes, has social, economic, and ... direct consequences on human life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects and ...
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Changing the use of agricultural land in the village, which is mainly due to human activities, has, in addition to indirect environmental changes, has social, economic, and ... direct consequences on human life. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects and consequences of cultivation of saffron in recent years on the lives of villagers in the village miyanjam of the Tarbatjam county. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytic and its type is fundamental in terms of purpose. Documentary and observational methods have been used to collect information. The sample population is 10 villages in the rural district of miyanjam that have the highest level of cultivation of saffron. From 3444 families in sample rural areas with Cochran formula and error (0.08%), the sample size of 115 households were selected by random sampling method. The results of this study show that, in terms of villagers, the effect of changing the pattern of cultivation in socio-cultural indicators was 3.84 in the least and in the physical indices with the mean of 4 had the most effect. According to the results of single sample T test, the effects of saffron cultivation on the economic index with the value of 56.65 are more than other indicators. In the spatial distribution, the mean of the effects of saffron cultivation on the level of villages is Emogan village with the highest number of 4.2 and the villages of Bashzandan Olya and Hajiabad with the lowest level of 86.3. The results of ARAS's technique for accurate ranking of sample villages confirmed this. In order to investigate the significance of the relationship between the variables of the research, the coefficient of effectiveness of the indices was determined using Smart PLS software. The path coefficient of t indicated that the relationship between environmental, physical and economic variables with the general effects of saffron cultivation in the sampled villages was meaningful and direct; according to the coefficients Standard, 36% of the effects of saffron cultivation are predicted directly by the economic index.
Other subject about saffron
Fahime KHadempour; Abbas Khashei Siuki; Mohammad Ali Behdani
Abstract
Saffron as the most precise agricultural and pharmaceutical product of the world has a specific place in industrial and export products of Iran. Nowadays, Iran is the largest producer and exporter of saffron in world and up to 93.7% of production of this valuable commodity belongs to Iran. Despite the ...
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Saffron as the most precise agricultural and pharmaceutical product of the world has a specific place in industrial and export products of Iran. Nowadays, Iran is the largest producer and exporter of saffron in world and up to 93.7% of production of this valuable commodity belongs to Iran. Despite the antiquity of saffron cultivation and added value of this product compared to other current crops of Iran, fewer shares of new technologies are dedicated to saffron and its production is mainly based on indigenous knowledge.In thispaper, multiple models are employed to evaluate and develop the performance of KStar and LWL in order to get an estimate on production yield of saffron based on climate parameters. Thecalibration and evaluation of models are obtained from the statistics of crop yield and climate factors betweenyears 1988–2017. In order to evaluate the employed models, the following statistical criteria were used: Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Nash- Sutcliffe (NSE). From among the proposed models, the KStar model is in the e-scenario with an R2 of 1.00, MAE and RMSE of 0.00 and NSE of 1.00, which has good accuracy in estimating production yield of the saffron plant. This precision of the KStar model has made it easy to estimate performance of saffron in different areas of the country based on the data available at different stations.
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Ommolbanin Bazrafshan; Zahra Gerkani Nezhad Moshizi
Abstract
Lack of adequate water resources, not only reducing the trend of agricultural development, but also it will cause damage and losses in the future. This study is a comprehensive research in water resource management using water footprint approach, water footprint accounting and water use efficiency by ...
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Lack of adequate water resources, not only reducing the trend of agricultural development, but also it will cause damage and losses in the future. This study is a comprehensive research in water resource management using water footprint approach, water footprint accounting and water use efficiency by clustering analysis. In this study, water footprint of green, blue and gery in saffron production are calcuated using principle framework during 2008-2014 . Based on, these indicators calculated using data and common methodology. Result shown, the share of WFGreen, WFBlue and WFGrey is 20, 90 and 10% respectively in the saffron production that mean of water footprint estimated 2764 m3/kg. Amount of water footprint accounting and water use efficiency calculated 1.91-5.93 m3/kg and 0.2-0.62 kg/m3, respectively. In assessing the prioritizing of the provinces by two indicators, the provinces were divided into four categories. Lorestan, Kermanshah, Hamedan, North Khorasan, Tehran, Kerman, East Azerbaijan and Zanjan provinces including the lowest water footprint accounting and water footprint while these provinces have the highest water use efficiency. The category of these provinces is the first rank. Golestan, Ghazvin, Markazi, Alborz, Yazd, South Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan provinces are the second rank, Fars and Semnan are the third rand and Chaharmahal and Bakhtirai is the end rank of priority. Based on results, considering indicators such as water use efficiency, water footprints and footprint counting can help decision makers to development cultivation of Saffron.
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Seeboyeh Aghamohamadi; abbas khashei; Ali Shahidi; Sayyed Reza Hashemi
Abstract
Climate changes and phenomena such as drought are effective in the yield of agricultural products. Replacing crisis management with risk management is one of the solutions for these phenomena. With risk assessment before crisis, the amount of damages will be reduced to the minimum amount. In this research, ...
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Climate changes and phenomena such as drought are effective in the yield of agricultural products. Replacing crisis management with risk management is one of the solutions for these phenomena. With risk assessment before crisis, the amount of damages will be reduced to the minimum amount. In this research, the risk assessment of drought by Monte Carlo method will be used in order to reduce the damages caused by drought as a natural and uncontrollable phenomenon on saffron product. The monthly Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) of drought and the monthly average temperature are calculated as independent variables in the yield distribution function. The relationship between independent variables (temperature and SPI) and dependent variable (saffron yield) is established using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). After that, 2000 random data from independent variables are generated using MATLAB and 2000 simulated yields generated by a trained artificial neural network. Then, the cumulative distribution of the simulated yields are determined and these yields are standardized in order to unification of the yield data of each city. The risk factor is calculated by choosing a reference station and using the cumulative distribution. The relative risks of the stations are considered after drawing the diagram of Yield-Risk standard factor. The results of the research show that most of the studied years are in normal range and the drought frequency in the four stations of Khorasan Jonoobi province is twice the stations in Khorasan Razavi. Furthermore, the artificial neural network with a correlation coefficient of 0.85 could predict the yield of the product very well. The similarity of the cumulative distribution diagram of the real yield with the cumulative distribution of the yields simulated by Monte Carlo indicates that the results are correct. At the end The results of this research show that Ghayen has the highest relative risk compared to the reference station (Torbat-e- Heydariyeh) and Nehbandan has the lowest one.
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Razieh Jamaati Ardakani
Abstract
Job security and improving the quality of work life are among the factors that can affect the job satisfaction of saffron workers and increase their productivity. The present study aims to analyze the social psychological effects (job security and quality of work life) on increasing job satisfaction ...
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Job security and improving the quality of work life are among the factors that can affect the job satisfaction of saffron workers and increase their productivity. The present study aims to analyze the social psychological effects (job security and quality of work life) on increasing job satisfaction of saffron Farmers in Bafgh city, which is done using correlation analysis. The statistical population consists of all saffron Farmers in Bafgh city. Using Morgan table, a sample of 205 individuals is selected through simple random sampling and tested by job security, work life quality and job satisfaction questionnaires. Data are analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression. The results show that job security and quality of work life have a significant relationship with job satisfaction (p < .01). Also, job security and quality of work life significantly predict job satisfaction (p < .001). The results of the research indicate that these two variables (job security and quality of work life) are important variables for optimal job satisfaction among saffron farmers. Therefore, it is suggested that the relevant agricultural organizations try to create a safe, interesting and stimulating working environment to increase commitment, creativity and hard work. Keywords: job security, quality of work life, job satisfaction, saffron farmers.
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Mohammad Behzad Amiri; Yaser Esmaeilian
Abstract
In order to evaluation the response of saffron to different manure, biological and chemical fertilizers, an experiment was carried out as split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Research Farm of Gonabad Agriculture Jihad during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 ...
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In order to evaluation the response of saffron to different manure, biological and chemical fertilizers, an experiment was carried out as split-plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Research Farm of Gonabad Agriculture Jihad during 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 growing seasons. Main factor was 60 t/ha manure, and no manure application, and sub factor concluded of control (no fertilizer use), nitroxin (5 L/ha), biophosphorus (3 L/ha), biosulphur (5 kg/ha), humic acid (10 kg/ha), and chemical fertilizer (150, 100, and 100 kg/ha urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate). Experiment results indicated that interaction effect of manure and biological and chemical fertilizers on fresh flower yield, fresh and dry stigma yield was significant. The highest fresh flower yield (181 kg/ha) achieved by biophosphorus along with application of 60 t/ha manure. Fresh stigma yield in chemical fertilizer under manure application treatment showed the highest increase (mean yield of 10405 g/ha). While, dry stigma yield due to biophosphorus application obtained the highest value (5351 g/ha). The effect of manure on corm traits was significant. Corm number per unit area and corm yield showed 19% increase in second year due to manure application than control. Among biological and chemical fertilizer treatments, the highest value of corm number (440 corm/m2) and corm yield (4401 kg/m2) was obtained due to biophosphorus application. Based on obtained results, combined application of recommend manure with biological fertilizers especially biophosphorus under climatic and edaphic conditions similar to this experiment area is recommended.
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Sedigheh Kasali; Saeed Minaei; Mahdi Ayyari
Abstract
Iran is the largest producer of saffron and more than 90 percent of Iran's saffron is produced in Iran.Drying is one of the methods commonly used to increase the shelf life of medicinal plants and agricultural products. In this study, drying process of saffron petals with thin layer hot air dryer at ...
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Iran is the largest producer of saffron and more than 90 percent of Iran's saffron is produced in Iran.Drying is one of the methods commonly used to increase the shelf life of medicinal plants and agricultural products. In this study, drying process of saffron petals with thin layer hot air dryer at five levels at 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 ° C and three air flow of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/s and their impacts of on colored parameter (amounts R, G and B) have been studied. By using vision machine system, color images of the saffron dried petals were taken, and analyzed using image processing algorithms, Features colored (RGB) were also obtained. In addition, the anthocyanin content, (using differential pH method) and L*a*b* characteristics were measured in order to determine the proper drying conditions of the samples. The data were analyzed using factorial experiment based on randomized complete design. The results showed that maximum RGB values were at the temperature range of 80 to 100°C, representing the greatest ratio and intensity of red, green and blue colors. Also in this temperature range, the highest anthocyanin content (482.21mg/l) and lowest color changes (ΔE) were obtained which was a relative desirability of this range for drying saffron petals.
Other subject about saffron
Zakieh Shariatmadari; Mahmoud Shoor; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Ali Tehranifar; ahmad ahmadian
Abstract
In order to study the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on replacement cormsand flowercharacteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm at Zaveh, Iran in the growing season ...
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In order to study the effects of organic and chemical fertilizers on replacement cormsand flowercharacteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted in a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm at Zaveh, Iran in the growing season of 2013-2014 The experimental treatments were all combination of six types of organic fertilizers (Sheep manure (10 t.ha-1), cow manure (30 t.ha-1), vermi compost (6 t.ha-1), hen manure (5 t.ha-1), urban compost (9 t.ha-1) and control and using and not using chemical fertilizer (Nitrogen (100 kg.ha-1)+Phosphate (80 kg.ha-1)). The studied criteria included: total weight of cormper square meter, average number of buds per corm, diameter of corm and number of replacement cormsin each weight categories (0.1-4g,4.1-8g, 8.1-12g,12.1-16g and more than16.1g), number of flowers, fresh weight offlowers,stigmaandstyle dry weight per square meter, and harvest index of stigma. The results showed that the simple and interaction effects of using and not using chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers on all studied criteria were significant. Control+chemical fertilizer and hen manure+without chemical fertilizer treatments produced the highest and lowest total corm number (228 and 177 corm per in m2), respectively. The highest and lowest total corm weight (1876 and 1623 g.m-2, respectively), average single corm weight (10.94 and 7.75 g.m-2, respectively), average corm diameter (3 and 2.72 cm, respectively) and average number of buds (8 and 1.33 bud per corm, respectively) were obtained in hen manure+without chemical fertilizer and control+chemical fertilizer treatments, respectively. Control+chemical fertilizer produced the highest replacement corms at the weights of 0.1-4 (12.64%) and 4.1-8g (10.31%) categories. The highest percentage of number of replacement corms at 8.1-12 (16.77%), 12.1-16 (18.10%), and more than 16.1g (31.38%) weight categories were shown in the hen manure+ without chemical fertilizer treatment. Hen manure+without chemical fertilizer and control+ chemical fertilizer treatments produced the highest and lowest number of flowers (142 and 56 flower per square meter, respectively), fresh flower weight (50.20 and 17.60 g.m-2, respectively), stigma dry weight (0.405 and 0.169 g.m-2, respectively), style dry weight (0.685and 0.080 g.m-2, respectively), harvest index of stigma (0.0082, 0.0011, respectively), respectively. The results showed that flower yield in the second year was directly affected by the weight of replacement corms which were produced in the first year. Overall, the results of the present study revealed that the application of organic fertilizer compared with chemical fertilizers had superior effect on replacement corms and yield criteria of saffron.
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Hassan Rahimi; Ehssan Torabi; Hossien Rahimi; Mahdi Araghi; Mohammad Roshnavandi
Abstract
In this research, the effects of solarization by transparent plastics, planting time and the first irrigation after planting on the populations of saffron bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini) and yield (Crocus sativus L.) were investigated. A split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete ...
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In this research, the effects of solarization by transparent plastics, planting time and the first irrigation after planting on the populations of saffron bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini) and yield (Crocus sativus L.) were investigated. A split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicates from 2011 to 2015 in Gonabad, Khorasan Razavi province. Solarization and non-solarization factors were placed in the main plots. Seven crop managing packages including 1- planting without irrigation in September, 2- irrigation immediately after planting in September, 3- planting without irrigation in June, 4- irrigation immediately after planting in June, 5- planting in June and irrigation in August, 6- planting without irrigation in September of the next year, and 7- irrigation immediately after planting in September of the next year were placed in sub-plots. The results showed that regardless of management package, solarization suppressed the mite populations and increased saffron yield. Package 4, Irrigation immediately after planting on June, increased the mite populations and decreased saffron yields. However, package 2, irrigation on September, reduces the mite populations and increases saffron yield. Planting Saffron in June (packages 3, 4, and 5) resulted in more yield compared to Planting at September (packages 1, 2, 6, and 7). The lowest reduction in the population of mites (94%) and the highest yield (77%) were achieved through solarization and by implementing package 3, treatment and cultivation in June of the next year with no irrigation after planting.
Other subject about saffron
Ali Asghar Padarloo; Ebrahim Izadi Darbandi; Mohammad Hassam Rashed Mohassel; Hassan Feizi
Abstract
The Khorasan Razavi province is the center of saffron production in Iran and the world. Among factors affecting saffron gap yield, weeds are the most important one. However there is no compiled information about saffron weed flora population and its structural characteristics in the Khorasan Razavi ...
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The Khorasan Razavi province is the center of saffron production in Iran and the world. Among factors affecting saffron gap yield, weeds are the most important one. However there is no compiled information about saffron weed flora population and its structural characteristics in the Khorasan Razavi province. In order to identify and determine the density and frequency of weed species on saffron fields in the Khorasan Razavi province, 118 fields in 6 counties during two years (2014 and 2015) were selected based on the cultivation area and yield per area. In each field, weed species were counted in each sampling point and weed population indices including mean relative density, relative uniformity and frequently were calculated and latitude and altitude were recorded by GPS. By using recorded data, population indices of different weed species in the studied saffron farms including mean relative density and relative frequency of species were calculated. During 2 years, a total of 52 weed species were identified and observed within the saffron fields. Between plant families, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Charyophilaceae were the most abundant families, respectively. The results showed that the highest and lowest number of weed species belong to Kashmar and Gonabad counties, respectively. Based on the frequency index, the important annual weed species on saffron fields of the Khorasan Razavi province wereMouse Barle (Hordeum murinum) and London Roket (Sisymbrium septulatum) and perennial species were Hoary Cress (Cardaria draba) andCommon yarrow (Achillea millefoliam).
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hamed kaveh; amir salari
Abstract
In recent decades, the concept of quality of agricultural products has changed drastically and the quality of raw material is considered as a necessary prerequisite for the quality of the final processed product. With an aim of quality classification of saffron production centers in the provinces of ...
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In recent decades, the concept of quality of agricultural products has changed drastically and the quality of raw material is considered as a necessary prerequisite for the quality of the final processed product. With an aim of quality classification of saffron production centers in the provinces of Khorasan, the main components of marketability and quality of saffron (Crocin, Picrocrocin and Safranal) are determined using ultraviolet-visible light spectrum analysis and the ISO / TS 36322 standard. Product sampling was done from 14 centers of saffron production in Khorasan provinces including Safiabad, Qaen, Kashmar, Torbat Heydarieh, Khalil Abad, Bardaskan, Shahn Abad, Chakhmaq, Torbat-Jam, Faizabad, Sabzevar, Sarayan, Eshq Abad and Birjand. Harvest, stigma separation and drying was performed equally in all samples. Comparison of results to national and ISO standard showed that the Safranal content in all of the studied areas were lower than both Iran’s national standard and ISO standards. For Picrocrocin, the results for most of the studied centers were better than ISO standard. However, the results obtained from region numbers 2, 10, 11 and 12 did not reach the national standard of Iran and the products of region numbers 5, 8 and 9 were close to the lowest value in the standard. Region 12 had the lowest Crocin content which was lower than both ISO and national standards. All of the regions 2,5,10 and 14 had low Crocin content and did not reach the minimum quality of Iran’s national standard for Crocin content.
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Mohammad Hossein Abbaspour-Fard; Hossein Yousefzadeh; Amin Azhari; Mohammad Ali Ebrahimi-Nik; Moein Haddadi Moghaddam
Abstract
Agriculture is an occupation in which the workers are prone to health problems, particularly musculoskeletal disorders. This job is one of the most strenous and most dangerous work activities with approximately 40% of the engaged population living in the developing countries. Iran is the world's largest ...
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Agriculture is an occupation in which the workers are prone to health problems, particularly musculoskeletal disorders. This job is one of the most strenous and most dangerous work activities with approximately 40% of the engaged population living in the developing countries. Iran is the world's largest producer of saffron (about 94% of the world production). Labour has the highest impact on the production of this crop. In this research, a kind of trolley is introduced in order to reduce the mechanical damages on the body of labors during saffron harvesting, and then the results are compared with traditional harvesting methods. In the experiments, the force and strength percent capability of 20 workers as saffron harvesters is evaluated using the 3DSSPP software. Two methods of saffron harvesting namely the traditional method with two common postures (half sitting and bowing) and harvesting while sitting on the trolley are considered. The different postures for the traditional harvesting methods and harvesting with the trolley were simulated and imported to the software. It was found that the most harm on the farmers occurs in their knees with half sitting. Evaluation of harvesting saffron with trolley showed that it results in the exertion of the least damage to farmers. However, harvesting with trolley exserts the most pressure on the back. However, the pressure is very little compared to half sitting and bowing postures. Hence this simple device is recommended for harvesting saffron.
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Surur Khorramdel; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Afsaneh Amin Ghafori
Abstract
Monetary valuation of agroecoystem services makes them attractive for the society and policy makers should pay more attention to conservation of these services. In this study, the economic value of services as well as negative environmental externalities of saffron fields were estimated in the Khorasan ...
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Monetary valuation of agroecoystem services makes them attractive for the society and policy makers should pay more attention to conservation of these services. In this study, the economic value of services as well as negative environmental externalities of saffron fields were estimated in the Khorasan Razavi province during 2015. Information was extracted from questionnaires collected from 75 fields. Using these data, economic values (such as O2 production, food, biodiversity and tourism) together with environmental externalities (including greenhouse gas emission and N and P leakage) were computed based on international value of dollar. Based on the results of the study, the mean values of the agroecosystem services of saffron field such as O2 production, food, biodiversity and cultural services were estimated to be 54.21×106, 266.84×106, 60.24×106, 29.6×106 and 10.58×106 Rls ha-1.y-1, respectively. The shares of these services were up to 39, 35, 19 and 7 percent of total value, respectively. The ranges of environmental externalities such as greenhouse gas emission and N and P leakage were estimated to be -18.54×106 to -8.18×106 and -5.18×106 to -4.07×106 Rls ha-1.y-1. The mean value of the total agroecosystem services of saffron fields excluding externalities, were estimated to be 136.57×106 Rls ha-1 y-1.
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morteza esmailnejad
Abstract
Climate change has serious impacts on communities and livelihoods in dry areas. The agricultural sector accepts the greatest impact from climate change due to its extensive interactions with the environment. Environmental degradation and reduced yield of saffron and weakening of the household economy ...
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Climate change has serious impacts on communities and livelihoods in dry areas. The agricultural sector accepts the greatest impact from climate change due to its extensive interactions with the environment. Environmental degradation and reduced yield of saffron and weakening of the household economy are among the consequences of climate change in the Kashmar plain. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the perception of saffron in the Kashmar plain from climate change and its capacity to adapt to this phenomenon. The present study was conducted to examine the perceptions and adaptation of saffron to climate change in order to expand the strategies for confronting the climate change challenges in the Kashmar plain. The method of this study is descriptive-analytic. The population of the study was calculated using Cochran's sampling method and a sample size of 390 households was chosen. Statistical models such as logistic regression were used to examine saffron perception and compatibility strategies. The analysis of saffron perceptions of climate change shows that the increase in temperature and the decrease in rainfall during the last decade in the Kashmar plain has been ongoing. The results of the logistic statistical model indicated that product diversity, change in crops, finding a job outside the farm, changing the amount of land, changing the planting date of saffron were adaptation methods used in the region. Given that many saffron growers have come to understand climate change and adjust their farming activities based on these changes, the government should facilitate the adaptation of saffron to climate change.
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Ghasem Najari; Khoshnood Nourollahi; Maryam Piri
Abstract
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most important plant in the world that has been used in cooking, confectionery and drug productions because of the color and aromatic substances in its sigma. Corm rot disease is one of the most important diseases in Iran. For identification of causal agents, wild saffron ...
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most important plant in the world that has been used in cooking, confectionery and drug productions because of the color and aromatic substances in its sigma. Corm rot disease is one of the most important diseases in Iran. For identification of causal agents, wild saffron plants with wilt symptoms and rot lesions on corm were randomly collected in different regions of Ivan and Mehran in the Ilam province. Diseased samples were surface sterilized by dipping into domestic bleach solution (5% NaOCl). Then they were washed three times with sterile distilled water, dried with sterile filter paper and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Samples were incubated for three days in an incubator at 20°C. A total of eight Fusarium isolates were obtained and purified using the single spore method. Fusarium oxysporium isolates were identified according to their morphological and microscopic characteristics as described by the identification key. The pathogenicity of Fusarium oxysporium isolates were artificially tested in the greenhouse on a wild susceptible cultivar according to Koch’s principles.
