زراعت و فناوری زعفران

با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اعضای هیات تحریریه

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

فرم های نشریه

راهنمای نویسندگان

تحلیل و توصیف مهم‌ترین عوامل زراعی مؤثر بر خلاء عملکرد مزارع زعفران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار، گروه پژوهشی گیاه و تنش‌های محیطی، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند

2 پژوهشگر و کارشناس فنی امور پژوهشی، آموزشی و ترویج پژوهشکده زعفران، دانشگاه تربت‌حیدریه

چکیده

این پژوهش توصیفی به‌صورت مصاحبه و تکمیل پرسشنامه (125 عدد) در بین کشاورزان زعفران‌کار شهرستان تربت‌حیدریه در سال 1399-1400 انجام گرفت. هدف از اجرای این تحقیق توصیف مهم‌ترین دلایل بالا بودن خلاء عملکرد مزارع زعفران از طریق مقایسه مهم‌ترین عملیات زراعی مرتبط با زراعت این گیاه در بین سه گروه از کشاورزان (معمولی، ماهر و پیشرو یا خبره) و نیز مقایسه روش‌های بکارگیری شده توسط کشاورزان با توصیه‌های کارشناسان علم زعفران بود. تقسیم‌بندی کشاورزان در هر یک از سه گروه، بر اساس عملکرد کلاله در ارتباط با سن مزرعه بود. قبل از تحقیق روایی پرسشنامه تأیید شد و پایایی آن نیز با استفاده از روش بازآزمایی تعیین گردید. نتایج نشان داد، هیچکدام از کشاورزان معمولی و ماهر تحصیلات کشاورزی نداشتند، در حالی‌که 15 درصد از کشاورزان پیشرو دارای تحصیلات کشاورزی بودند. میانگین سال‌های تحصیلات کشاورزان معمولی، ماهر و پیشرو به-ترتیب 1/7، 5/7 و 9/10 سال بود. بیشترین تعداد کشاورزان معمولی و ماهر (به‌ترتیب 2/46 و 7/35 درصد) در شهریور و بیشترین تعداد کشاورزان پیشرو (5/37 درصد) در خردادماه کشت زعفران را انجام می‌دهند. میانگین مصرف بنه توسط کشاورزان معمولی، ماهر و پیشرو به‌ترتیب 9/8، 9/8 و 5/10 تن در هکتار و میانگین مقدار توصیه شده توسط کارشناسان 4/10 تن در هکتار بود. تمامی کارشناسان زراعت زعفران روش کشت دانه‌تسبیحی را توصیه نمودند که به‌ترتیب با رویة 30، 1/43 و 4/44 کشاورزان معمولی، ماهرو پیشرو هماهنگی داشت. حداقل وزن بنه توصیه شده توسط کارشناسان کشاورزی 8 گرم بود، که از این نظر 7/18 درصد کشاورزان معمولی، 25 درصد کشاورزان ماهر و 100 درصد کشاورزان پیشرو با این توصیه هماهنگی داشتند. وجین دستی رایج-ترین روش کنترل علف‌های هرز در بین کشاورزان بود و توصیة اکثر کارشناسان مبنی بر حفظ بقایای برگ زعفران به‌عنوان مالچ، توسط بیشتر کشاورزان اعمال نمی‌شود. بیشتر کارشناسان بهره‌برداری از مزرعه به مدت 5 تا 6 سال و بیشتر کشاورزان بهره‌برداری به مدت 7 تا 8 سال را مناسب دانستند. در مجموع، پایین بودن سطح دانش عمومی و زراعی، روش کاشت کپه‌ای، کاشت بنه‌های مادری با وزن کم، تاریخ کاشت نامناسب و بهره‌برداری طولانی‌مدت از مزرعه از جمله مهم‌ترین موارد مدیریت ناصحیح مزارع زعفران خصوصاً توسط کشاورزان معمولی بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analysis and description of the most important agronomic factors affecting yield gap of saffron fields

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid-reza Fallahi 1
  • Alijan Salariyan 2

1 Associate Professor, Plant and Environmental Stresses Research Group, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran

2 Researcher and technical expert of research, educational and extention affairs of Saffron Institute, University of Torbat-Heydariyeh

چکیده [English]

This descriptive research was conducted as interviews using 125 questionnaires among the saffron farmers of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. The aim of this study was to compare the most important agronomic operations related to saffron cultivation among three groups of farmers (ordinary, skilled and leading farmers), and to compare the methods used by the farmers with the recommendations of saffron researchers. The classification of farmers into the three mentioned groups was based on the stigma yield in relation to the field age. Before the research, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was also determined using the test-retest method. The results showed that against 15% of leading farmers, none of the ordinary and skilled farmers had agricultural education. The average education of ordinary, skilled and leading farmers were 7.1, 7.5 and 10.9 years, respectively. Corm planting date of the highest number of ordinary and skilled farmers (46.2% and 35.7%, respectively) was in September, while for the leading farmers (37.5%) was in June. The average amounts of corm application by ordinary, skilled and leading farmers was 8.9, 8.9 and 10.5 ton ha-1, respectively, and the average amount recommended by researchers was 10.4 ton ha-1. All the saffron researchers recommended the corm row planting method, which is accordance with the 30, 43.1 and 44.4% procedures of ordinary, skilled and leading farmers, respectively. The minimum corm weight recommended by researchers was 8 g, which is applied by 18.7% of ordinary farmers, 25% of skilled farmers and 100% of leading farmers. Hand weeding was the most common method of weeds control among all farmers. Contrary to the recommendation of most researchers to remain saffron leaves as mulch, the leaves are mainly used as animal feed. The appropriate field age according to researcher’s recommendation was 5-6 years, while most of the farmers use the field for 7-8 years after each planting time. In general, the low level of knowledge, mass planting method (several corms in each planting point), planting of small mother corms, inappropriate planting date and long-term exploitation of the fields were the most important cases of improper field management, especially by ordinary farmers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • corm
  • crop rotation
  • false seedbed
  • green manure
  • planting date
  • stigma
مراجع
Abbaspoor, M. 2018. Chemical weed control in saffron (Crocus sativus) fields. Iranian Plant Protection Research 31 (3): 409-419. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/JPP.V31I3.53430.
Aghhavani-Shajari, M., Najafi, M., Fallahi, H.R., and Amini, M.A. 2014. Study of traditional opinions of saffron farmers in Torbat Heydariyeh. 3rd National Conference on Latest Scientific Research Achievements of Saffron. Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. 26-27 November. 86 p. (In Persian).
Aghhavani-Shajari, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Fallahi, H.R., and Taherpour Kalantari, R. 2015. Evaluation of the effects of soil texture on yield and growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy and Technology 2 (4): 311-322. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2015.8624
Aghhavani-Shajari, M., Fallahi, H.R., Sahabi, H., Kaveh, H., and Branca, F. 2021. Production systems and methods affect the quality and the quantity of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 19 (1): e0901. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2021191-17100.
Alonso, G.L., Zalacain, A., and Carmona, M. 2012. Saffron. In: Handbook of herbs and spices; Peter KV (ed.), 2nd ed. pp: 469-498. Woodhead Publishing.
Anabestani, A., Javanshiri, M., and Yazdani, Kh. 2020. Consequences of agricultural land use change in rural settlements with an emphasis on propagation of saffron (Case study: Miyanjam Dehestan of Torbate jam county). Saffron Agronomy and Technology 8 (3): 437-459. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2020.209074.1364.
Azizi, E., Jahani Kondori, M., and Divan, R. 2013. The effect of soil physiochemical characteristics and field age on agronomic traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Agroecology 5 (2): 134-142. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.V5I2.24491
Behdani, M.A. 2005. Ecological zoning and monitoring of saffron yield fluctuations in Khorasan. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary)
Behdani, M.A., Jami Al-Ahmadi, M., Akbarpour, A., and Zamani, G.R. 2008. Ecological zoning approach to optimize saffron production in South Khorasan. Research Project of Saffron Research Group, University of Birjand. (In Persian with English Summary).
Behdani, M.A., and Fallahi, H.R. 2015. Saffron: Technical Knowledge Based on Research Approaches. University of Birjand Press. (In Persian).
Behdani, M.A., Fallahi, H.R., and Sardar, M. 2018. Technical Knowledge of Saffron Production. Haft Rang Press. (In Persian).
Behrouzi, D., Rastgoo, M., Baghestani, M.A., and Asadi, G. 2017. Effect of false seedbed and sowing density of different winter wheat cultivars on rye (Secale cereale L.) control and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Iranian Journal of Weed Science 13 (1): 51-70. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22092/IJWS.2017.1301.05.
Fallahi, H.R., Alami, S., Behdani, M.A., and Aghhavani-Shajari, M. 2015. Evaluation of local and scientific knowledge in saffron agronomy (Case study: Sarayan). Journal of Saffron Research 3 (1): 31-50. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2015.311.
Fallahi, H.R., and Mahmoodi, S. 2018. Evaluation of the impacts of water availability and nutritional management on some physiological indices and saffron replacement corms growth. Final Report of Research Project. University of Birjand. (In Persian with English Summary).
Fallahi, H.R., Aghhavani-Shajar, M., Sahabi, H., and Feizi, H. 2018. Possibility of increasing the weight of saffron corm through integrated and timed management of agricultural inputs. Final Report of Research Project. Saffron Institute. (In Persian with English Summary).
Fallahi, 2021. Analysis of the effect of some management factors on improving the yield of saffron. 6th National Conference on Saffron. 17-18 November, University of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
Fallahi, H.R. 2022. Evaluation of flowering potential of saffron corms in different weight groups under hydroponic conditions. Journal of Saffron Research. In Press. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2022.5324.1187.
Feizi, H., and Moradi, R. 2019. Assessing involved managing factors in gap yield between traditional and ideal saffron cultivating systems in Razavi and South Khorasan provinces. Journal of Saffron Research 7 (2): 283-298. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2019.2242.1089.
Golkaran-Moghaddam, S. 2013. Comparison and analysis efficiency of saffron farmers in selected township of Khorasan Razavi province. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development 21 (4): 79-101. (In Persian with English Summary).
Sargazi, A., and Ghavidel, M. 2018. Effect of uncontrolled quality inputs on saffron fields efficiency (Case study: Qaen County). Saffron Agronomy and Technology 6 (3): 383-391. (In Persian with English Summary).  https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2017.72002.1209.
Hassanpour, M., Farhangfar, H., Khozeymeh nezhad, H., and Behdani, M.A. 2017. Assessment of the farmers’ technical knowledge associated with saffron cultivation (Case of: South Khorasan Province). Journal of Saffron Research 5 (1): 18-32. (In Persian with English Summary).  https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2017.598.
Hu, J., Liu, Y., Tang, X., Rao, H., Ren, C., Chen, J., Wu, Q., Jiang, Y., Geng, F., and Pei, J. 2020. Transcriptome profiling of the flowering transition in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Scientific Reports 10:9680.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66675-6
IMA (Iran Ministry of Agriculture). 2022. Agricultural statistics: Horticultural and greenhouse products in 2021. 323p. (In Persian).
Goodarzi, S. 2010. The Application of Statistics in Social Sciences, with the SPSS Instructions and Interpretation of the Outputs. Islamic Azad University Press. (In Persian).
Khorramdel, S., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Ghafori, A. 2018. Economic evaluation of agroecosystem services of saffron in the Khorasan Razavi province. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 6 (1): 73-89. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2017.59190.1183.
Khosravi, M. 2005. Intercropping black zira (Bonium persicum) with saffron and annual crops: Agroecological and economic perspectives. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
Koocheki, A. 2013. Research on production of saffron in Iran: Past trend and future prospects. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 1 (1): 3-21. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2013.4808.
Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Fallahi, H.R., and Aghhavani-Shajari, M. 2016a. The study of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) replacement corms growth in response to planting date, irrigation management and companion crops. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 4 (1): 3-18. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2016.11895.
Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Fallahi, H.R. 2016b. Effects of planting dates, irrigation management and cover crops on growth and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Agroecology 8 (3): 435-451. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/JAG.V8I3.51323.
Koocheki, A.R., Karbasi, A.R., and Seyyedi, S.M. 2017. Some reasons for saffron yield loss over the last 30 years period. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 5 (2): 107-122. (In Persian with English Summary).  https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2016.38669.
Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Aghhavani-Shajari, M., and Fallahi, H.R. 2019. Corm weight or number per unit of land: which one is more effective when planting corm, based on the age of the field from which corms were selected? Industrial Crops and Products 131: 78-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.01.026.
Mohammad Abadi, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Fallahi, H.R. 2011. Effects of planting pattern and the first irrigation date on growth and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Agroecology 3 (1): 84-93. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v3i1.9973
Mohsashami, T., Karbasi, A., and Zandi Dareh-Gharibi, B. 2016. Economic analysis and comparison of technical efficiency in small and large saffron farms of Khorasan Razavi province. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 4 (2): 119-132. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2016.17362
Molina, R.V., García-Luis, A., Valero, M., Navarro, Y., and Guardiola, J.L. 2004. Extending the harvest period of saffron. Acta Hortculturae 650: 219-225. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.25.
Molina, R.V., Valero, M., Navarro, Y., Guardiola, J.L., and Garcia-Luice, A. 2005. Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulture 103: 361-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.06.005
Mollafilabi, A. 2014. Effect of new cropping technologies on growth characteristics, yield, yield components of flower and corm criteria of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Ph.D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary).
Moradi Moghaddam, S., Fallahi, H.R., Behdani, M.A., and Mahmoodi, S. 2022. The effect of corm storage conditions during the summer dormancy stage on reproductive growth and yield of saffron. Journal of Saffron Research. In Press. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2020.3747.1141.
Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Boroumand Rezazadeh, Z., and Tabrizi, L. 2006. Effects of corm size and storage period on allocation of assimilates in different parts of saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.). Field Crop Research 5 (1): 155-166. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/GSC.V5I1.906.
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khorramdel, S., and Mollafilabi, A., 2015. Evaluation of soil physical and chemical characteristics impacts on morphological criteria and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research 3 (2): 188-203. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2015.294.
Saeeidi-Rad, M.H., Zarif Neshat, S., Nazarzadeh Oghaz, S., Mahdinia, A., and Chaji, H. 2017. Mechanization of different stages of saffron production, Agricultural Education Press. (In Persian).
Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., Amin Ghafori, A., and Gheshm, R. 2013. Effects on management of crop residues and cover crop planting on density and population of weeds and agronomical characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research 1: 57-72. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/JSR.2013.434.
Shaban, M., Mahmoodi, A., and Shawkat Fadai, M. 2014. A survey on technical efficiency, marketing and market structure of saffron crop, Iran. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 1 (2): 85-101. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2014.4819.
Zakiaghl, M., Khorramdel, S., Koocheki, A., Nabati, J., Nezami, A., Mirshamsi Kachki, A., Mollafilabi, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2021. Criteria for production of standard pathogen-free saffron corms. Saffron Agronomy and Technology 9 (2): 121-141. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2021.233278.1401.
 
زراعت و فناوری زعفران
دوره 11، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 38
فروردین 1402
صفحه 23-51
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار