با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران

2 استادیار گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران

چکیده

زعفران (Crocus sativus) با قدمتی دیرینه از دوره باستان تا دوره معاصر برای ایرانیان، کاربرد خوراکی و دارویی داشته است و عوامل متعددی بر میزان تولید آن در استان­های مختلف تأثیر گذار بوده است. به منظور بررسی روند سطح زیر کشت، تولید و عملکرد کلاله زعفران و همچنین اثر پارامترهای اقلیمی نظیر ارتفاع از سطح دریا، میانگین دما و میانگین بارش بر کشت و تولید این گیاه در شهرهای مختلف استان خراسان رضوی، مطالعه­ای در بازه زمانی سال­های 1363 تا 1399 با استفاده از داده­های جهاد کشاورزی صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار تولید، و سطح زیر کشت در بازه مورد بررسی به ترتیب مربوط به زاوه، تربت حیدریه و رشتخوار بود. همچنین زاوه و تربت حیدریه به ترتیب با 3/13 و 4/9 درصد از کل، بیشترین سهم را از تولید کل استان داشتند. مقایسه عملکرد هر شهر نسبت به میانگین استان نشان داد که گناباد و تربت حیدریه به ترتیب دارای رتبه های اول و دوم از این نظر بودند. همچنین کلات دارای کمترین درصد سطح زیر کشت، تولید آبی و نسبت عملکرد به میانگین استان بود. مطالعه تأثیر عوامل اقلیمی بر زعفران نشان داد که با افزایش ارتفاع از سطح دریا، سطح زیر کشت و تولید زعفران، روند افزایشی داشت. با افزایش بارندگی سالانه نیز، سطح زیر کشت و تولید کل روند کاهشی غیرخطی نشان داد ولی عملکرد زعفران افزایش یافت. همچنین با افزایش میانگین دما، سطح زیر کشت و تولید زعفران افزایش یافت ولی عملکرد زعفران روند کاهشی داشت. بررسی درصد تشابه شهرهای مختلف استان خراسان رضوی از نظر خصوصیات مورد بررسی در سطح 75 درصد نشان داد که در کل، مناطق مختلف استان به 5 خوشه قابل تفکیک است. شهرهای باخرز، گناباد، کاشمر، مه­ولات و رشتخوار در خوشه اول و شهرهای بجستان، خواف، تربت جام، نیشابور، بردسکن و تایباد در خوشه دوم قرار گرفتند و هر کدام از شهرهای تربت حیدریه و زاوه نیز دو شاخه مجزا را تشکیل دادند و بقیه شهرها در یک خوشه قرار گرفتند. به طور کلی روند افزایشی سطح زیر کشت و تولید زعفران در استان خراسان رضوی حاکی از تمایل بیشتر به کشت این گیاه توسط کشاورزان با توجه به شرایط اقلیمی و خاکی این استان است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the history and long term effect of climatic factors on saffron production in Khorasan Razavi province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Azizi 1
  • Shahin Farabi 2

1 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of History, Payame Noor University, Iran

چکیده [English]

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) has been used as food and medicine for Iranians for a long time, from the ancient to the modern period, and several factors have influenced its production and consumption in different provinces, especially Razavi Khorasan. In order to investigate the trend of cultivated area, stigma production and yield of saffron and also the effect of climatic parameters such as altitude above sea level, average temperature, and precipitation on the cultivation and production of this plant in different cities of Khorasan Razavi Province, a study was conducted by using data of Agricultural Jihad Organization during 1984 to 2020. Results indicated that the highest production and cultivated area in the province of Razavi Khorasan in the studied period were related to Zaveh, Torbat Heydarieh, and Roshtkhar, respectively. Zaveh and Torbat Heydarieh also had the largest portion of irrigated production in the province, with 13.3 and 9.4 %, respectively. Upon comparing the yield of saffron across different cities to the provincial average, it became evident that Gonabad and Torbat Heydarieh secured the first and second positions, respectively, in this comparison. Conversely, Kalat exhibited the lowest percentage in terms of cultivated area, irrigated production, and yield ratio compared to the provincial average. Further analysis revealed that elevation above sea level is positively correlated with both cultivated area and saffron production. Interestingly, there exists a non-linear inverse relationship between annual rainfall and cultivated area, production, and yield of saffron. Moreover, the study found that higher average temperatures are associated with increased saffron production, although the average yield of saffron tends to decrease. Regarding similarities across different cities in Khorasan-Razavi province, an investigation at a 75% similarity threshold indicated the possibility of classifying the province's various regions into five distinct clusters. The cities of Bakharz, Gonabad, Kashmer, Mahvalat, and Roshtkhar were in the first cluster, and the cities of Bajastan, Khaf, Torbat Jam, Neishabur, Bardaskan, and Taibad were in the second cluster, and each of the cities of Torbat Heydarieh and Zaveh also formed two separate branches. The rest of the cities were placed in a cluster. In general, the increasing trend of saffron cultivation and production in Khorasan-Razavi province indicates a greater desire to cultivate this plant by the farmers, considering the climatic and soil conditions of this province.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • altitude above sea level
  • cultivated area
  • rainfall
  • temperature
  • yield
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