Saffron Agronomy and Technology

Research Paper Agriculture

Application of nano cow manure compared to common chemical and cow fertilizers on saffron yield and some soil characteristics

Hesam Aryanpour; hossein sahabi; Hassan Feizi; Alijan Salariyan; Amir Salari

Volume 10, Issue 4 , February 2023, Pages 305-323

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2022.366991.1470

Abstract

Cow manure is one of the most commonly used fertilizers in saffron cultivation, but its main problem is the slow process of decomposition and the slow release of nutrients in the short term; leading to over use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. It is expected that with the introduction of nanotechnology ... Read More Cow manure is one of the most commonly used fertilizers in saffron cultivation, but its main problem is the slow process of decomposition and the slow release of nutrients in the short term; leading to over use of chemical fertilizers by farmers. It is expected that with the introduction of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture, a suitable solution will be found to improve the absorption time of organic fertilizers. Cattle manure nanoparticles can reduce the decomposition time of cattle manure with higher specific surface area. Therefore, a split-plot design was carried out using two conventional methods of mulching and mixing with soil on the performance of saffron and soil characteristics to compare the performance of conventional chemical fertilizers and cow manure with nano cow manure.The main factor in seven levels (including nano cow manure in two amounts of five and 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of application of mulch and mixed with soil, normal cow manure in the amount of 20 tons per hectare and in two forms of mulch and mixed with soil and no use cow manure) and the sub-factor included NPK chemical fertilizer (at two levels of use and non-use). The results showed that by making cattle manure nanosized, its half-life in the soil decreased from about 36 weeks to 11 weeks. Nano cow manure treatment of 20 tons per hectare mixed with soil showed an increase in dry stigma yield by 43.7, 46 and 57%, respectively, compared to conventional cow manure treatments, chemical fertilizer treatments, and controls. The nano application of cow manure resulted in maintaining more moisture, less mechanical resistance in the soil, and more percentage of nutrients in the plant. In the comparison of the two methods of mulching and mixing, it was observed that in the mulching method, the amount of moisture is higher and the surface mechanical resistance is lower in the soil, and in the mixing method, the amount of nutrients in the leaves is higher. The results showed that in treatments with nano cow manure, the mixed method is preferable to mulch. By making cattle manure nano, using the mixed method instead of mulch and applying higher levels of cattle manure, was reduced the synergistic effect of chemical fertilizers in increasing yield. As in nano cow manure treatment (20 tons per hectare mixed with soil) was not observed significant yield increase due to the addition of chemical fertilizer. Also, nano cow manuew five ton per hectare treatments (mulch and mixture) showed a 22% yield increase compared to conventional cow manure treatments. It is possible to increase the yield by 22% by making cow manure nanosized, along with reducing the consumption of cow manure by 75% in the second year of saffron cultivation.

Research Paper Agriculture

Effect of various chemical and organic mulch types on soil phyisico-chemical characteristics and qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron in Qaenat region

Zohreh Natavan; Rooholla Moradi; Mahdi Naghizadeh; Nasibeh Pourghasemian

Volume 10, Issue 4 , February 2023, Pages 325-341

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2022.368175.1473

Abstract

In order to study the effect of different chemical and organic mulch types on various soil characteristics and qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Qaen region in during 2018-2019. ... Read More In order to study the effect of different chemical and organic mulch types on various soil characteristics and qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Qaen region in during 2018-2019. The experimental treatments were application of various mulch types for weed control (no weed control, hand weeding, transparent polyethylene, black polyethylene, beeswax waste, residues of grape leaf, wheat straw, pomegranate leaf, pistachio leaf, barley straw and saffron corm dunnage). The results showed that all the treatments except black and transparent polyethylene significantly improved the potassium contents of soil compared to hand weeding treatment. Treatments of beeswax waste (0.083%), pistachio leaf (0.081%) and transparent polyethylene (0.080%) included the highest amount of soil nitrogen. The highest amount of carbon (0.838%) and soil organic matter (1.17%) was also observed in beeswax waste mulch treatment. This treatment also led to soil acidification compared to other treatments. Application of all the mulches except transparent polyethylene caused a significant increase in stigmas yield of saffron compared to non-weeding conditions. Beeswax waste and wheat straw had the highest stigma yield (4.89 and 4.32 kg ha-1), respectively; which these increased the stigma yield by 213% and 177% compared to the no weeding treatment. Black polyethylene, pomegranate leaf and grape leaf did not show a significant difference with hand weeding in terms of stigma yield of saffron. The highest amount of safranal, crocin and picrocrocin in saffron was obtained to the black polyethylene mulch treatment. In general, the results confirmed that the application of all the studied mulches with the exception of transparent polyethylene led to improving soil characteristics and saffron yield compared to no weed control treatment and are recommended to farmers.

Research Paper Other subject about saffron

Investigating the effect of planting density, corm size and planting depth on the quantity and quality of corm obtained from saffron corm multiplication farms.

Hamidreza sharifi; zohreh nabipour; Hamidreza Tavakoli-kakhki

Volume 10, Issue 4 , February 2023, Pages 367-345

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2023.368168.1474

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of planting density, corm weight and planting depth on the quantity and quality of corms obtained from saffron corm production fields, an experiment in the form of a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications at the ... Read More In order to investigate the effect of planting density, corm weight and planting depth on the quantity and quality of corms obtained from saffron corm production fields, an experiment in the form of a factorial split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research and Training Center and natural resources of Razavi Khorasan (Gonabad research station with latitude 34 degrees 21 minutes north and longitude 58 degrees 41 minutes east) was carried out in the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. In this research, planting density treatment (at four levels of 60, 90, 120 and 150 corms per square meter) in the main plot and factorial planting depth (at two levels of 15 ± 2 and 25 ± 2 cm from the soil surface) and corm weight (at two levels) level of 4±1 and 8±1 g) were located in the sub-plot. The results showed that higher density increased the number of daughter corms per square meter and the total weight of daughter corms per square meter and decreased the average fresh weight of a single corm, the ratio of the total weight of harvested corms to the planted corms and the coefficient of corm multiplication. In addition to this, the increase in the weight of mother corms and surface planting caused an increase in the number of daughter corms, the average fresh weight of a single corm, the total fresh weight of all corms, and the multiplication factor. The double interaction effect of density × corm weight on the number of daughter corms, the total fresh weight of all daughter corms, the interaction effect of density × planting depth on the average weight of a single corm and the ratio of harvested to planted corm weight and the interaction effect of corm weight × planting depth On the number of daughter corms in the second year, the average fresh weight of a single corm and the total fresh weight of all the corms per square meter were significant only in the first year. Based on this, the effect of increasing the weight of mother corms on improving the fresh weight of daughter corms at a depth of 15 cm was more than that of 25 cm. In general, it seems that at least in the fields that are cultivated with the aim of obtaining seed pods in the first years, using a density of 120 pods per square meter using standard mother pods (that is, the average pod weight) 8 grams) and surface planting (i.e. planting depth of 15 cm) is recommended, but for functional farms, larger mother corms have a relative priority only in the early years, and with the age of the field, the importance of its effect decreases. Based on this, it seems that it is possible to use a different strategy with a combination of less depth and especially more density to compensate for the effect of stem weight and achieve more performance overall.

Research Paper Agriculture

Evaluation of saffron irrigation and nutritional management among different farmers groups compared to experts recommendations

Hamid-Reza Fallahi; Alijan Salariyan

Volume 10, Issue 4 , February 2023, Pages 390-371

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2022.357060.1466

Abstract

This research was conducted using questionnaires and the analysis of soil samples (the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) obtained from saffron fields of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. In this research, saffron irrigation and nutrition management methods among ... Read More This research was conducted using questionnaires and the analysis of soil samples (the content of organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) obtained from saffron fields of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. In this research, saffron irrigation and nutrition management methods among three farmer groups (progressive farmers, skilled farmers and ordinary farmers) were investigated and compared with the recommendations of saffron researchers. The classification of farmers in the mentioned three classes was based on the stigma yield in relation to the field age. The results showed that most of the progressive and skilled farmers used the combined nutrition management method (organic fertilizer + chemical fertilizer with frequency of about 65%), while the single application of chemical fertilizer was the most common method among ordinary farmers (47.5%). The mean amount of organic manure application for ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 5.0, 6.3 and 10.7 ton ha-1year-1, respectively (less than the amount of 19.2 tons recommended by researchers) and the mean amount of nitrogen application was 49.5, 56.5 and 87 kg ha-1 (compared with 93.3 kg recommended by researchers). The application of phosphorus and particularly potassium was not a common practice among all three groups’ farmers. The average content of organic matter in the fields was 0.68%, nitrogen 0.041%, phosphorus 16.1ppm and potassium 292 ppm, which indicates the poverty of soils in terms of organic matter and to some extent nitrogen. The foliar application of nutrients for the fields of ordinary, skilled and progressive farmers was 0.23, 0.65 and 1.00 times per year, respectively, and the average irrigation times was 3.2, 3.6, and 4.6 times per year, respectively, which is less than the recommended values by experts (2.55 and 5.8 times per year, respectively). Summer irrigation (44.4% of farmers) and sprinkle irrigation method (26.8% of farmers) were more common among progressive farmers. In general, the poverty of organic matter and lack of nitrogen in the soil, low foliar application of nutrients and lack of use of modern irrigation methods were among the most important reasons for the high gap yield of saffron fields.

Research Paper Agriculture

Biochemical screening of Saffron cultivated in Ardabil province based on the quantity of Apo-carotenoids

Elnaz Ghaffarzadeh; Noraddin Hosseinpour Azad; Ali Shahi; Olivia De Murtas

Volume 10, Issue 4 , February 2023, Pages 393-405

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2023.327469.1454

Abstract

Saffron with the scientific name (Crocus sativus L.) belongs to the Iridaceae family. This plant stigma is one of the most expensive spices in the world due to its rich apocarotenoids contents crocin (responsible for color), picrocrocin (bitter taste), and safranal (perfume). For quantitative analysis ... Read More

Research Paper Economics and Marketing

Factors affect Credit Risk of Loans Awarded to Saffron Producers

- -; Toktam Mohtashami; Fatemeh Rastegaripour

Volume 10, Issue 4 , February 2023, Pages 407-419

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2023.324337.1450

Abstract

Among the risks that threaten banks and financial institutions, credit risk is the most important risk due to its centrality, volume of operation and especially its sensitivity. Due to the lack of proper transportation equipment and communication infrastructure and the need to manager water resources ... Read More

Agriculture

Allelopathic effects of leaf and corm water extract of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on germination and seedling growth of flixweed (Descurainia sophia L.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.)

Zeinab Alipoor; Sohrab Mahmoodi

Volume 3, Issue 1 , April 2015, , Pages 13-24

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2014.9606

Abstract

This study was conducted in two factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications at research laboratory of faculty of agriculture in University of Birjand in 2013. Factors included saffron organs at 2 levels (leaves and corms) and water extract concentrations at 5 levels ... Read More

Pharmaceutical and Medical Science and Technology

Cardiovascular effects of saffron and its active constituents: A review article

B. Marjan Razavi; Mohsen Imenshahidi; Khalil Abnous; Hossein Hosseinzadeh

Volume 1, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 3-13

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2014.4814

Abstract

(Crocus sativus L.) Commonly known as saffron, is a perennial stem less herb of the iridaceae family, widely cultivated in Iran and other countries. It is used as a flavoring and coloring agent for many thousands of years. In traditional medicine, saffron has been used for various purposes including ... Read More

Agriculture

The Effect of hormone priming and corm weight on the yield of flowers and characteristics of daughter corms of saffron in the first year

Marjan Sadat Hoseinifard; Majid Ghorbani Javid; Iraj Allahdadi; Elias Soltani

Volume 6, Issue 1 , April 2018, , Pages 3-15

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2017.62317.1196

Abstract

Saffron is one of the most important crops and medicinal plants in Iran and plays an important role in non-oil exports of the country. Although Iran has the largest area under cultivation of saffron, its yield is low compared with global production. The main objective of this study is to investigate ... Read More

Agriculture

Effect of plant density and corm weight on yield and yield components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under soil, hydroponic and plastic tunnel cultivation

Abdollah Mollafilabi; Alireza Koocheki; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Mahdi Nassiri Mahallati2

Volume 1, Issue 2 , March 2014, , Pages 14-28

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2014.4815

Abstract

Saffron is the most precious spice crop in the world which nowadays has nutritional, medical and industrial importance. Its average yield is 4.83 kg/ha in Iran. The research was conducted to investigate the effect of corm weight and its density on yield and yield components of saffron under soil, hydroponic ... Read More

Processing, food industry and biochemistry

Effect of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) as a Substitute for Sugar on Physicochemical, Rheological and Sensory Properties of Dietary Saffron Syrup

Neda Hashemi; Hadiseh Rabiee; Hamid Tavakolipour; Samane Gazerani

Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2015, , Pages 303-310

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2015.8623

Abstract

In recent years production and usage of functional food and drinks is one of the public and scientist’s interest. Since carbohydrates have been recognizedas the major calorie source in many food baskets, most attention has been focused on substitution of sucrose with non-caloric sweeteners. Although ... Read More

Research Paper Agriculture

Analysis and description of the most important agronomic factors affecting yield gap of saffron fields

Hamid-reza Fallahi; Alijan Salariyan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 December 2022

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2022.359357.1468

Abstract

This descriptive research was conducted as interviews using 125 questionnaires among the saffron farmers of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. The aim of this study was to compare the most important agronomic operations related to saffron cultivation among three groups of farmers (ordinary, skilled ... Read More This descriptive research was conducted as interviews using 125 questionnaires among the saffron farmers of Torbat-Heydariyeh, Iran, during 2020-2021. The aim of this study was to compare the most important agronomic operations related to saffron cultivation among three groups of farmers (ordinary, skilled and leading farmers), and to compare the methods used by the farmers with the recommendations of saffron researchers. The classification of farmers into the three mentioned groups was based on the stigma yield in relation to the field age. Before the research, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was also determined using the test-retest method. The results showed that against 15% of leading farmers, none of the ordinary and skilled farmers had agricultural education. The average education of ordinary, skilled and leading farmers were 7.1, 7.5 and 10.9 years, respectively. Corm planting date of the highest number of ordinary and skilled farmers (46.2% and 35.7%, respectively) was in September, while for the leading farmers (37.5%) was in June. The average amounts of corm application by ordinary, skilled and leading farmers was 8.9, 8.9 and 10.5 ton ha-1, respectively, and the average amount recommended by researchers was 10.4 ton ha-1. All the saffron researchers recommended the corm row planting method, which is accordance with the 30, 43.1 and 44.4% procedures of ordinary, skilled and leading farmers, respectively. The minimum corm weight recommended by researchers was 8 g, which is applied by 18.7% of ordinary farmers, 25% of skilled farmers and 100% of leading farmers. Hand weeding was the most common method of weeds control among all farmers. Contrary to the recommendation of most researchers to remain saffron leaves as mulch, the leaves are mainly used as animal feed. The appropriate field age according to researcher’s recommendation was 5-6 years, while most of the farmers use the field for 7-8 years after each planting time. In general, the low level of knowledge, mass planting method (several corms in each planting point), planting of small mother corms, inappropriate planting date and long-term exploitation of the fields were the most important cases of improper field management, especially by ordinary farmers.

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Research Paper Economics and Marketing

Saffron export development index and factors affecting on it Case study: Khorasan Razavi

Seyedhossein Mohammadzadeh; Alireza Karbasi; Hossein Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 March 2023

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2023.371104.1476

Abstract

Iran's recent years of experience show that the economy's dependence on crude oil sales results in instability of export income. Saffron is one of the important export items of the agricultural and medicinal plants sector, which in recent years has despite the increase in the area under cultivation ... Read More

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Number of Volumes	10
Number of Issues	39
Number of Articles	278
Number of Contributors	633
Article View	430,666
PDF Download	351,083
View Per Article	1549.16
PDF Download Per Article	1262.89
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Number of Submissions	484
Rejected Submissions	171
Reject Rate	35
Accepted Submissions	249
Acceptance Rate	51
Time to Accept (Days)	150
Number of Indexing Databases	14
Number of Reviewers	767

Volume 10 (2022)

Volume 9 (2021)

Volume 8 (2020)

Volume 7 (2019)

Volume 6 (2018)

Volume 5 (2017)

Volume 4 (2016)

Volume 3 (2015)

Volume 2 (2014)

Volume 1 (2013)

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