This study evaluates the technical efficiency of saffron farms in Torbat Heydarieh and Zaveh Counties, located on northeastern Iran, using a two-stage double-bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach. Cross-sectional data were collected from 108 saffron producers across six districts, and technical efficiency (TE) scores were estimated under variable returns to scale (VRS) with an input-oriented DEA model. The bias-corrected double-bootstrap procedure of Simar and Wilson (2007, Algorithm 2) was applied with 1000 replications to ensure consistent inference and robust estimation. Results reveal that the Farrell efficiency estimates tend to overstate farm technical efficiency by approximately 25 percent. I detected significant regional disparities in efficiency scores (χ² = 12.74, p < 0.05), with the highest mean efficiency observed in Kadkan (0.32) and the lowest in the Central district (0.17). The truncated bootstrap regression identified an inverted U-shaped relationship between farm age and efficiency, where efficiency initially increases with farm age but declines beyond a certain point. Experience in saffron cultivation had a strong positive and statistically significant effect on efficiency (p < 0.01), while education level and farmer’s age were not significant predictors. Slack analysis revealed considerable input-specific inefficiencies and spatial heterogeneity in slacks. On average, farms could reduce water use by 706.88 m³/ha, land by 3.04 ha, corm use by 528.10 kg/ha, and labor by 20 person-days/ha without reducing output.
yaqubi,M. (2025). Determinants of Bias-Corrected Technical Efficiency in Saffron Production: Evidence from A Double Bootstrap DEA Approach. (e239589). Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 13(3), e239589 doi: 10.22048/jsat.2026.520132.1577
MLA
yaqubi,M. . "Determinants of Bias-Corrected Technical Efficiency in Saffron Production: Evidence from A Double Bootstrap DEA Approach" .e239589 , Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 13, 3, 2025, e239589. doi: 10.22048/jsat.2026.520132.1577
HARVARD
yaqubi M. (2025). 'Determinants of Bias-Corrected Technical Efficiency in Saffron Production: Evidence from A Double Bootstrap DEA Approach', Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 13(3), e239589. doi: 10.22048/jsat.2026.520132.1577
CHICAGO
M. yaqubi, "Determinants of Bias-Corrected Technical Efficiency in Saffron Production: Evidence from A Double Bootstrap DEA Approach," Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 13 3 (2025): e239589, doi: 10.22048/jsat.2026.520132.1577
VANCOUVER
yaqubi M. Determinants of Bias-Corrected Technical Efficiency in Saffron Production: Evidence from A Double Bootstrap DEA Approach. Saffron Agron Technol, 2025; 13(3): e239589. doi: 10.22048/jsat.2026.520132.1577