زراعت و فناوری زعفران

زراعت و فناوری زعفران

تأثیر کودهای زیستی حل کننده فسفات، پتاس و تثبیت کننده نیتروژن بر خصوصیات بنه زعفران تحت رژیمهای مختلف آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان
استادیار، گروه کشاورزی، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
از آنجایی که زعفران گیاهی پیازی و چند ساله می‌باشد، عوامل مختلف محیطی می‌تواند رشد و نمو آن را کاملا تحت تاثیر قرار دهند. به منظور مطالعه خصوصیات بنه و گل زعفران تحت تاثیر کودهای مختلف زیستی و رژیم‌های آبیاری، آزمایشی طی دو سال زراعی 01-1400 و 02-1401 در اراضی کشاورزی شهر زیار از توابع شهرستان اصفهان اجراء شد. این آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. در این آزمایش کم‌آبیاری در سه سطح (50، 75 و 100 درصد) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و باکتری‌های آزادزی تثبیت‌کننده نیتروژن (B-N)، باکتری‌های حل‌کننده پتاسیم (B-K)، باکتری‌های حل‌کننده فسفات (B-P)، ترکیب آن‌ها و شاهد بدون کود در هشت سطح به‌عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین تعداد بنه (415 عدد در متر مربع)، وزن بنه (2360 گرم در متر مربع)، وزن بنه بدون پوشینه (2304 گرم در متر مربع)، تعداد بنه صفر تا 4 گرم (244 عدد در متر مربع)، تعداد بنه 4 تا 8 گرم (135 عدد در متر مربع)، تعداد بنه 8 تا 12 گرم (3/55 عدد در متر مربع)، تعداد بنه بیش از 12 گرم (2/64 عدد در متر مربع) در تیمار 100 درصد نیاز آبی و کود زیستی ترکیبی NPK بدست آمد. همچنین، بیشترین میزان وزن خشک کلاله (492/0 گرم در متر مربع) و وزن خشک خامه (122/0 گرم در متر مربع) در تیمار 100 درصد نیاز آبی و کود زیستی ترکیبی NPK حاصل شد. به‌طور کلی، اعمال کودهای زیستی در هر سه سطح تنش خشکی منجر به بهبود خصوصیات عملکرد بنه و گل شد. با این حال، در شرایط تنش، اثرات مثبت کودهای زیستی برجسته‌تر بود. بنابراین، با توجه به بحران کم‌آبی در کشور و تأثیرگذاری مثبت کودهای زیستی، می‌توان با مصرف آب کمتر به عملکرد مطلوب دست یافت.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

Impact of Biofertilizer Application on Corm and Flower Characteristics of Saffron under Different Deficit Irrigation Regimes

نویسندگان English

Mostafa Alinaghizadeh
Mohammad Azimi Gandomani
Assistant Professor of Agriculture Department, Faculty of Technical and Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Given that saffron is a bulbous and perennial plant, various environmental factors can significantly influence its growth and development. To investigate the corm and flower characteristics of saffron under the influence of different biofertilizers and irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted over two agricultural years (2021-2022 and 2022-2023) in the agricultural fields of Ziar city, a suburb of Isfahan. The experiment was designed as split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In this experiment, deficit irrigation at three levels (50%, 75%, and 100%) was considered the main factor, while nitrogen-fixing free-living bacteria (B-N), potassium-solubilizing bacteria (B-K), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (B-P), their combinations, and a control without fertilizer were considered the sub-factor at eight levels. The results demonstrated that the highest number of corms (415 m-2), corm weight (2360 g. m-2), corm weight without tunics (2304 g. m-2), number of corms weighing 0-4 grams (244 m-2), number of corms weighing 4-8 grams (135 m-2), number of corms weighing 8-12 grams (55.3 m-2), and number of corms weighing more than 12 grams (64.2 m-2) were obtained under the 100% irrigation requirement treatment with the combined NPK biofertilizer. Moreover, the highest dry stigma weight (0.492 g. m-2) and dry style weight (0.122 g. m-2) were achieved in the 100% irrigation requirement treatment with the combined NPK biofertilizer. Overall, the application of biofertilizers improved corm and flower performance characteristics under all three levels of drought stress. However, the positive effects of biofertilizers were more pronounced under stress conditions. Therefore, considering the ongoing water scarcity crisis in the country and the beneficial effects of biofertilizers, it is possible to achieve optimal yields with reduced water consumption.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Potassium-Solubilizing Bacteria
Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
Corm Weight
Dry Stigma Weight
Abdel Latef, A. A. H., Abu Alhmad, M. F., Kordrostami, M., Abo–Baker, A. B. A. E., & Zakir, A. (2020). Inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum or Azotobacter chroococcum reinforces maize growth by improving physiological activities under saline conditions. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 39, 1293–1306. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00344-020-10065-9.
Aliche, E. B., Oortwijn, M., Theeuwen, T. P. J. M., Bachem, C. W. B., Visser, R. G. F., & van der Linden, C.G. (2018). Drought response in field grown potatoes and the interactions between canopy growth and yield. Agricultural Water Management, 206, 20-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.013.
Alizadeh, M. B., Makarian, H., Ebadi Khazine Ghadim, A., Izadi-Darbandi, E., & Gholami, A. (2019). The effect of organic and biological fertilizers on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) at the climate of Ardabil region. Saffron Agronomy & Technology, 7(2), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2018.109405.1274. (In Persian with English Summary).
Ammar, E. E., Rady, H. A., & Khattab, A. M. (2023). A comprehensive overview of eco-friendly bio-fertilizers extracted from living organisms. Environmental Science and Pollution Research30, 113119–113137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30260-x.
Asghari, R., Dadashi, M., Razavi, A., Feizi, H., & Bakhtiari S. (2019). Effect of cow manure on yield and morphological and physiological characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under salinity stress. Saffron Agronomy & Technology, 7(2), 171-184.  https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2018.98710.1257. (In Persian with English Summary).
Behzad Amiri, M., & Esmaeilian, Y. (2019). Study of flower and corm quantitative characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under organic, biological, and chemical nutrition systems in the Gonabad area. Saffron Agronomy & Technology, 7(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2018.109086.1273. (In Persian with English Summary).
Demir, H., Sönmez, İ., Uçan, U., & Akgün, İ.H. (2023). Biofertilizers improve the plant growth, yield, and mineral concentration of lettuce and broccoli. Agronomy, 13, 2031. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082031.
Dogra, N., Yadav, R., Kaur, M., Adhikary, A., Kumar, S., & Ramakrishna, W. (2019). Nutrient enhancement of chickpea grown with plant growth promoting bacteria in local soil of Bathinda, Northwestern India. Physiology & Molecular Biology of Plants, 25(5), 1251–1259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00661-9
Douglas, M. H., Smallfield, B. M., Wallace, A. R., & McGimpsey, J. A. (2014). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) The effect of mother corm size on progeny multiplication, flower and stigma production. Scientia Horticulturae, 166, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scienta.2013.12.007.
Ghorbani, M., Ramazani, S. H. R., Fallahi, H. R., & Mousavi Koohi, S. M. (2019). Effect of drought stress and bio-fertilizer on yield and yield components of Guar Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products, 1, 13-19. https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2019.119378. (In Persian with English Abstract).
Gresta, F., Avola, G., Lombardo, G., Siracusa, L., & Ruberto, G. (2009). Analysis of flowering, stigmas yield and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by environmental conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 119, 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. scienta.2008.08.008.
Gresta, F., Santonoceto, C., & Avola, G. (2016). Crop rotation as an effective strategy for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) cultivation. Scientia Horticulturae, 211, 34–39. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.08.007.
Jami, N., Rahimi, A., Naghizadeh, M. and Sedaghati, E. (2020). Investigating the use of different levels of Mycorrhiza and Vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 262: 109027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.109027.
Ju, I., Wj, B., Md, S., Ia, O., & Oj, E. (2018). A review: biofertilizer; a key player in enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2, 22–28. https:// doi.org/10.26765/DRJAFS.2018.4815.
Kafi, M., 2006. Saffron ecophysiology. In: Kafi, M., Koocheki, A., Rashed, M.H., Nassiri, M. (Eds.), Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) production and processing. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp. 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482280463.
Kafi, M., Borzuie, A., Salehi, M., Kamandi, M., Masumi, A., & Nabati, J. (2018). Physiology of Environmental Stresses in Plants. Jihad Daneshgahi Publications of Mashhad. 502 p. (In Persian with English Summary).
Khaitov, B., & Abdiev, A. (2018). Performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to bio-fertilizer and nitrogen application in arid condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 41(15), 1980-1987. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2018.1484134
Khilare, V., Tiknaik, A., Prakash, B., Ughade, B., Korhale, G., Nalage, D., Ahmed, N., Khedkar, C. & Khedkar, G. (2019). Multiple tests on saffron find new adulterant materials and reveal that IST grade saffron is rare in the market. Food Chemistry, 272, 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.089.
Kothari, D., Thakur, R., & Kumar, R. (2021). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): gold of the spices—A comprehensive review. Horticulture, Environment & Biotechnology, 62(3), 1–17. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s13580-021-00349-8.
Kumar, S., Diksha Sindhu, S.S., & Kumar, R. (2022). Biofertilizers: An ecofriendly technology for nutrient recycling and environmental sustainability. Current Research in Microbial Sciences, 3, 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100094
Lahlou, O., Ouattar, S., & Ledent, J.F. (2003). The effect of drought and cultivar on growth parameters, yield and yield components of potato. Agronomie, 23(3), pp.257-268. https:// doi.org/ 10.1051/agro:2002089.
Leone, S., Recinella, L., Chiavaroli, A., Orlando, G., Ferrante, C., Leporini, L., Brunetti, L., & Menghini, L. (2018). Phytotherapic use of the Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) and its potential applications: a brief overview. Phytotherapy Research, 32, 2364–2375. https://doi. org/10.1002/ptr.6181.
Lugtenberg, B., & Kamilova, F. (2009). Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annual Review of Microbiology, 63, 541–556. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev. micro.62.081307.162918.
Meddich, A., Ait El Mokhtar, M., Bourzik, W., Mitsui, T., Baslam, M., & Hafidi, M. (2018). “Optimizing growth and tolerance of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) to drought, salinity, and vascular fusarium-induced wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) by application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF),” in Root Biology, eds B. Giri, R. Prasad, and A. Varma (Cham: Springer), 239–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75910-4.
Nasir, M. W., & Toth, Z. (2022). Effect of drought stress on potato production: A Review. Agronomy12, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030635.
Nyaupane, S., Poudel, M. R., Panthi, B., Dhakal, A., Paudel, H., & Bhandari, R. (2024). Drought stress effect, tolerance, and management in wheat – a review. Cogent Food & Agriculture10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2296094.
Parkash, V., & Singh, S. (2020). A review on potential plant-based water stress indicators for vegetable crops. Sustainability12, 3945. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12103945.
Pasban, F., Balouchi, H., Yadavi, A., Salehi, A., & Attarzadeh, M. (2015). The role of organic and biological fertilizers in qualitative and quantitative yield of soybean (Glycine max L.) cv Williams. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainable Production, 25(3), 138-149. (In Persian with English Abstract).
Prisa, D., Fresco, R., & Spagnuolo, D. (2023). Microbial biofertilisers in plant production and resistance: A review. Agriculture13, 1666. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091666.
Renau-Morata, B., Nebauer, S. G., Sanchez, ´ M., & Molina, R. V. (2012). Effect of corm size: water stress and cultivation conditions on photosynthesis and biomass partitioning during the vegetative growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops & Products, 39, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.009.
Rezaei -Chiyaneh, E., Seyyedi, S. M., Ebrahimian, E., Siavash -Moghaddam, S., & Damalas, C. A. (2018). Exogenous application of gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA) alleviates the effect of water de ficit stress in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.). Industrial Crops & Products, 112, 741 -748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.067.
Saeidi Aboueshaghi, R., Omidi, H., & Bostani, A. (2022). Effect of chicken manure and chemical fertilizers on some morphological characteristics and flowers production and replacement corm of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under irrigation regimes. Saffron Agronomy & Technology, 10(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2022.300362.1436. (In Persian with English Summary).
Salariyan, A., Mahmoodi, S., Behdani, M. A., & Kaveh, H. (2023). Effects of irrigation water quality, bio-fertilizer and nanoparticles of Fe on yield and some physiological traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Research, 11 (1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2021.4471.1164. (In Persian with English Summary).
Shirzadi laskookalayeh, S., sabuhi sabuni, M., Keikha, A. A., & Davari, K. (2017). Irrigation management of saffron by using the price and quantity policies of water (case study: Naishabur basin). Saffron Agronomy and Technology5(2), 149-160. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2015.11761. (In Persian with English Summary).
Silva, L. I. D., Pereira, M. C., Carvalho, A. M. X. D., Buttrós, V. H., Pasqual, M., & Dória, J. (2023). Phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms: A key to sustainable agriculture. Agriculture13, 462. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020462.
Tamiru, G. 2023. Role of bio-Fertilizers in improving soil fertility and crop production. Cross Current International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 5(6), 118-127. https://doi.org/10.36344/ccijavs. 2023.v05i06.003.
Vafaei, M. H., Parsa, M., Nezami, A., Ganjeali, A., & Norouzi sharaf, A. R. (2019). Effect of drought stress on leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, yield, yield components and economic water use efficiency of selected lentil genotypes. Journal of Crop Improvement, 21(2), 131-148. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2018.268140.2105. (In Persian with English Summary).
Zhang, C.S., & Kong, F.Y. (2014). Isolation and identification of potassium-solubilizing bacteria from tobacco rhizospheric soil and their effect on tobacco plants. Applied Soil Ecology, 82, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2014. 05.002.
Ziaei, S. M., feizi, H., Khashei, A., & Sahabi, H. (2024). Investigating the effect of corm priming of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) on some physiological characteristics and daughter corm under drought stress conditions. Saffron Agronomy & Technology12(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2024.436406.1519. (In Persian with English Summary).