با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

استاد گروه زراعت دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

 زعفران از جنبه‌های مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیست محیطی و سیاسی جایگاه ویژه‌ای در کشاورزی ایران و بخصوص مناطق زعفران‌کاری دارا می‌باشد. نقش کشاورزان ایران در اهلی‌سازی و تکامل زراعی این گیاه در منابع متعدد علمی بین‌المللی به‌صورت بارزی آورده شده است. گرچه نام این محصول مینیاتوری و به‌ اصطلاح دست‌ساز همیشه با نام ایران همراه بوده است ولی به‌نظر نمی‌رسد تلاش‌های علمی پژوهشگران ما در گذشته در خور این گیاه پرآوازه بوده باشد و مسلماً انتظار جهانیان از پژوهشگران ایرانی در زمینه زعفران خیلی بیش از آن است که امروزه برآورده شده است. در این نوشتار سعی شده است با نگاهی به پژوهش‌های زراعی زعفران در گذشته در سطح کشور، وضع موجود و دورنمای آینده آن نیز ترسیم شود. اگرچه پژوهش‌های زراعی اولیه در مورد زعفران در کشور از سابقه‌ای 70 ساله برخوردار است ولی طی یک دوره 40 ساله فعالیت علمی خاصی در این زمینه صورت نگرفت و فعالیت‌های پژوهشی منسجم عملاً از دهه 50 توسط برخی پژوهشگران پیشگام در خراسان آغاز شد. در دهه‌های 50 و 60 با پیدایش سازمان‌هایی همچون سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی (واحد خراسان) و شروع گسترش دوره‌های تحصیلات تکمیلی در دانشکده‌های کشاورزی پژوهش‌های زراعی زعفران در دهه‌های 50 و 60 نسبتاً گسترش یافت و این موضوع بخصوص در دهه‌های 70 و 80 سرعت بیشتری به‌ خود گرفت. در اوایل دهه 80 با تاسیس قطب علمی گیاهان زراعی ویژه در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد و در اواخر دهه 80 با تاسیس گروه پژوهشی زعفران در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند و همچنین تأسیس کانون ارتباط با دانش زعفران در همان دانشگاه، فعالیت‌های پژوهشی تداوم یافت. در اوایل دهه 90 تاسیس پژوهشکده زعفران در دانشگاه تربت حیدریه و تلاش در جهت انتشار دو نشریه تخصصی زعفران توسط دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند و پژوهشکده زعفران و گسترش قابل ملاحظه دوره‌های تحصیلات تکمیلی در دانشگاه‌ها و نیز توجه بیشتر به این محصول سرعت پژوهش‌های مربوط بیشتر شد. تأسیس دبیرخانه دائمی جشنواره زعفران در قائن، تشکیل شورای ملی زعفران در اتاق بازرگانی صنایع و معادن مشهد، تدوین طرح جامع بهبود و فرآوری زعفران، برگزاری کنگره و همایش‌های ملی، برگزاری دومین سمپوزیوم بین‌المللی زعفران در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد نمونه‌هایی از توجه بیشتر به زعفران در سطح ملّی است که بدون تردید می‌تواند عامل مهمی در گسترش پژوهش‌های علمی روی این محصول باشد. امید است چنین رویه‌هایی زمینه‌های لازم را برای نوعی جنبش علمی در مورد زعفران فراهم ساخته باشد و انتظار می‌رود این جنبش علمی به‌صورتی منسجم و جامع، مبانی پژوهش‌های رایج را مورد تجدید نظر قرار داده و به‌علاوه جنبه‌های نوینی از تولید زعفران از جمله تولید در محیط‌های تحت کنترل، ارزیابی خلأ عملکرد، مدلسازی رشد و نمو، جنبه‌های فیزیولوژی و اکولوژی زراعی، نقش تغییرات اقلیم و گرمایش جهانی در گسترش سطح کشت و جابجایی عرصه‌های تولید آن در قالب پروژه‌های کلان بررسی نماید. بدون تردید انتقال یافته‌های علمی به عرصه‌های تولید و عرضه نتایج پژوهش‌ها درقالب نوشتارهای استاندارد بین‌المللی به جامعه علمی جهانی می‌تواند دستاورد عملی چنین جنبشی باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Research on production of Saffron in Iran: Past trend and future prospects

نویسنده [English]

  • Alireza Koocheki

چکیده [English]

Saffron has strong ties with the economic, social, environmental and political aspects of agriculture in the country with particular impact on the local communities of the growing area. The role of Iranian farmers in domestication and cultural development of saffron has been clearly demonstrated in the international literature. However, the past scientific achievement of the Iranian scientists on the agronomic attributes of saffron seems to be insufficient with regards to the importance of this crop and the expectation of international scientific bodies. In this review an attempt has been made to look at the past agronomic research status and find a trend for the present and a prospect for the future. On this bases although the history of conventional research in Iran on saffron goes back to seven decades ago a dormant period of almost 40 years up to the 1960s is evidenced. Basically in the 60s the pioneer researchers from Khorasan founded the conventional research on basic agronomic aspects and in the later stages with establishment of organization such as Organization for Scientific and Industrial Research (Khorasan branch) and expansion of graduate studies in the universities, research activities was progressed. These activities gained a momentum in the last two decades particularly in recent years due to establishment of different public and private organizations associated with saffron such as National Saffron Council, permanent secretariat for saffron festival, organizing various seminars and conferences, establishment of research group for saffron in a University, establishment of saffron focal point for science and industry, establishment of saffron institute and publication of two specialized scientific Journal on saffron. Based on these achievements it is hoped to enhance the conventional research topics and shift them towards a holistic and comprehensive approaches for novel research on the subjects such as production under controlled environment, evaluation of yield gaps, growth and development modeling, crop physiology and ecology and impacts of climate change on saffron expansion area etc. This could be fulfilled by transferring the findings to the fields and presenting the results to the world scientific societies by publishing in international Journals.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agronomic
  • Iran
  • Research
  • Saffron
  1. Abrishami, M.H. 2004. Saffron: from the past to the present. Encyclopedia of production, trade and use. Amirkabir Publishing Co. (In Persian with English summary)
  2. Alberini, M. 1990. Saffron: sap ore colors Lo zafferani Proceeds of the International Conference on Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). L`quila, Italy. P. 39-45.
  3. Askari, M. 1963. Iranian saffron. Thesis. University of Tehran. (In Persian with English summary)
  4. Bagheri, A., and Hematti Kakhki, A. 1989. A review on saffron research. Research in Science and Industry. 10 (20 & 21): 31-58. (In Persian with English summary)
  5. Bahrami, T. 1934. Crop production. Tehran 1: 234-241.
  6. Basker, D., and Negibi, M. 1983. Uses of saffron. Economic botany. 37: 228-236.
  7. Behdani, M.A., Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P.  2005. The Evaluation of quantitative relationships between saffron yield and nutrition (On farm trial). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3(1): 1-14. (In Persian with English Summary)
  8. Behdani, M.A., Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Jami Al-Ahmadi, M. 2008a. Agro-ecologicla zoning and potential yield of saffron in Khorasan-Iran. Journal of Biological Sciences 8(2): 298-305.
  9. Behdani, M.A., Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2008b. Models to predict flowering time in the main saffron production regions of Khorasan province. Journal of Applied Sciences 8(5): 907-909.
  10. Caiola, M. G., and Canin, A. 2010. Looking for saffron (Crocus sativus L.) parent's. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology. Global Science Books.
  11. Ebrahimzade, H., Rajabian, T., Karimian, R., and Abrishami, P. 2006. Iranian saffron: with a research look. Etelaat publisher. (In Persian with English summary)
  12. Fernandez, J. A. 2004. Biology, biotechnology and biomedicine of saffron. Recent Research Development in Plant Science 2: 159-167.
  13. Fernandez, J. A. 2007. Genetic resources of saffron and allies (Crocus spp.) Acta Horticulture 739: 167-189.
  14. Filabi, A., Koocheki, A., and Sadeghi, B. 2011. Sustainable saffron production in Iran (unpublished).
  15. Filabi, A. 2012. New Technology in Saffron production, challenges and approaches. Sixth National Saffron Festival, Ghaen.
  16. Filabi, A. 2013. Personal communication.
  17. Ghodoosi, H. 2003. Iranian saffron documentary. Center for Saffron Scientific Information and Research. Mashhad. Iran. (In Persian)
  18. Ghodoosi, H., Koocheki, A., Varidi, M., and Bolandi, M. 2003. Saffron. Seventy years of research on saffron in Iran: a review Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 1(2): 217-247. (In Persian with English Summary)
  19. Ghorbani, R., and Koocheki, A. 2013. Saffron: Biology and Agronomy (under publication)
  20. Hssanzadeh, F., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Banayan aval, M., and Khorasani, R. 2013. Effects of maternal corm weight and different levels of cow manure on corm and flower yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy and Technology (Accepted for publication). (In Persian with English Summary)
  21. Hemati, A., and Hosseini, M. 2003. A review on 15 years of saffron research in Khorasan. Institute of Research for Technology Development.
  22. Hosseini, M and Sadeghi, B. 1997. Effect of foliar fertilizer application on yield of saffron. Khorasan Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (research project).
  23. Hosseini, A. 2013. Newsletter of Scientific Network for medicinal plants.
  24. Jafari Shahri, S.H. 1965. Saffron cultivation: planting, stand management and harvesting, Thesis. Tabriz University.
  25. Jehade Kashavarzi Khorasan Razavi, 2012. Report on agronomic research for saffron (on published).
  26. Kafi, M., Rashed Mohasel, H., Koocheki, A., and Filabi, A. 2002. Saffron: production and processing technology. Ferdowsi University Press p. 276. (In Persian)
  27. Khosravi, M. 2005. Agroecological and economic prospects for intercropping cumin with saffron and annual crops. MSc. Thesis, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
  28. Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Alizade, A., and Ganjali, A. 2000. Effect of temperature rise on flowering behavior of saffron. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(2): 1-13. (In Persian with English summary)
  29. Koocheki, A. 2003a. Iranian saffron in worldwide, challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the Third National Saffron Conference. Mashhad. Iran.
  30. Koocheki, A. 2003b. Agriculture research. Past issue and future prospects. Name- ye- Farhangestan-e Olum. 22: 185-203. (In Persian with English Summary)
  31. Koocheki, A., Najibnia, S., and Lalehgani, B. 2005. Intercropping saffron with cereals, pulses and medicinal plants. Iranian Journal of Agronomic Researches 1: 175-184. (In Persian with English Summary)
  32. Koocheki, A., Ganjali, A., and Abbasi, F. 2006a. Effects of waiting period, corm size and region on corm criteria and above ground organs of saffron. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 4(2): 331-315. (In Persian with English Summary)
  33. Koocheki, A., Behdani, M.A., and Nassiri, M. 2006b. Agronomic attributes of saffron yield at agroecosystems scale in Iran. Journal of Applied Horticulture 8(2): 121-124.
  34. Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahalati, M., Alizadeh, A., and Ganjali, A. 2009a. Modeling the effects of climate change on flowering behavior of saffron. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(2): 583-590. (In Persian with English summary)
  35. Koocheki, A. 2009b. Good practice in saffron production in Iran. 3rd International Saffron Symposium. Greek.
  36. Koocheki, A., Shabahang, J., and Khoramdel, S. 2010. The effect of irrigation intervals and intercropped marjoram (Origanum vulgare L.) with saffron on possible cooling effect for climate change adaption. Iranian Journal of Agronomic Researches. (Unpublished)
  37. Koocheki, A., Siahgmargoie, A., Azizi, G., and Jahani, M. 2011. Effect of high corm density and depth of planting on agronomic criteria and corm behavior of saffron. Agroecology 3(1): 36-49. (In Persian with English summary)
  38. Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Fallahi, J. 2013a. Effects of spring, summer and autumn planting dates, irrigation management and companion crops on saffron yield. Agroecology. (Accepted for publication) (In Persian with English Summary)
  39. Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Molafilabi, A., and Seyedi, M. 2013b. Effect of high corm density and animal manure on flower and corm yield of saffron. (under publication)
  40. Madani. J. 1938. Saffron cultivation in Estahbanat. Farmer's letter. 4(2): 24-24.
  41. Mohammad Abadi, A.A., Rezvani Moghaddam, P. and Fallahi, J. 2011. Effects of planting pattern and the first irrigation date on growth and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Agroecology 3(1): 84-93. (In Persian with English Summary)
  42. Mokhtari, M. 2013. Saffron documentation. (Personal communication)
  43. Molina, R.V., Valeron, M., and Nuaro, Y. 2005. Temperature effects on flower formation in saffron. Scientia Horticulture 103: 361-379.
  44. Nassiri Mahalati, M., Koocheki, A., Broomand, Z., and Tabrizi, L. 2005. Effects of corm size and storing period on allocation of photosynthesis material in saffron. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 15(1): 155-166. (In Persian with English Summary)
  45. Negbi, M. 1999. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Medicinal and aromatic plants: industrial profile: Hayward Academic Publisher.
  46. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Amiri, M.B., Ehyaee, H.R. 2013a. Effect of different levels of biological fertilizers and mushroom compost on flower yield and characteristics of corms of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in an organic farming system. Journal of Horticultural Science. (Accepted for publication) (In Persian with English summary).
  47. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Huda, A.K.S., Parvez, Q. and Koocheki A. 2007.  Indigenous Knowledge in Agriculture with Particular Reference to Medicinal Crop Production in Khorasan, Iran. World Association for Sustainable Development (WASD) Conference. Fifth International Conference Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia. Pp: 105-115.
  48. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khorramdel, S., Amin Ghafori, A., and Shabahang, S. 2013b. Evaluation of growth and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) affected by spent mushroom compost and corm density. Journal of Saffron Research (Accepted for publication). (In Persian with English summary)
  49. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khorramdel, S., Shabahang, S., and Amin Ghafori, A. 2013c. Evaluation of planting method, corm weight and density on growth characteristics and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Agroecology (Accepted for publication). (In Persian with English summary)
  50. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Molafilabi, A., and Seyyedi, M. 2013d. Evaluation of the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on some aspects of replacement corm and flower yields of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences (Accepted for publication). (In Persian with English summary)
  51. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Molafilabi, A., and Seyyedi, M. 2013e. Flower and corm characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) as affected by levels of wheat mulch on different dates. Journal of Agroecology (Accepted for publication). (In Persian with English summary)
  52. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Mohamad Abadi, A.A., Fallahi, F., and Aghhavani-Shajari, M. 2013f. Effects of nutrient management on flower yield and corm characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Horticultural Science. (Accepted for publication). (In Persian with English summary)
  53. Sabeti, M. 1936. Saffron and its cultivation. Journal of Higher College of Crop Production (2): 11-14.
  54. Sadeghi, B. 1988. Effect of chemical fertilizer and animal manure on leaf crop production and saffron yield. Khorasan, Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (research project).
  55. Sadeghi, B. 1993. Effect of corm weight on flower production of saffron. Khorasan scientific and Industrial Research Organization (research project).
  56. Sadesghi, B. 1996. Effect of corm storage and date of planting on flower production of saffron. Khorasan Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Research Project).
  57. Sadeghi, b., 1997.  Effects of summer irrigation on yield of saffron. Khorasan Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. (Research Project)
  58. Sadeghi, B., Aghamiri, A., and Negari, A. 2003a. Saffron summer irrigation. Proceedings of the 3rd National Saffron Symposium. Mashhad. Iran.
  59. Sadeghi, B., Negari, A., and Hattami, M. 2003b. Effects of time of planting on saffron flower production. Proceeding of the 3rd National Conference on Saffron, Mashhad. Iran.
  60. Sadeghi, B. 2008. Strengthening the bases of sustainable saffron cultivation in Iran. Khorasan Razavi. Agricultural organization 26 pp. (In Persian)
  61. Sadeghi, B. 2012. Effect of corm weight on Saffron flowering. Proceedings of the 4th International Saffron Symposium. Keshmir. Iran.
  62. Sadeghi. B. 2013. Round table scientific debate on saffron. Faculty of Agriculture. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.
  63. Sadeghi, B. and Filabi, A. 2013. Personal Communication.
  64. Shahalaei, S. M. 1941. Aromatic plants in medicine. Saffron and its useful benefits. Farmers' letter 8: 467.
  65. Shaibani, R.  1931. A guide to saffron cultivation. Journal of Higher College of Crop Production. 4: 111-114.
  66. Shargh Newspaper, 2013. Iran's Scientific Rank. No: 1769. Page: 6.
  67. Soufizadeh, S., Zand, E., and Dihimfard, R. 2013. Evaluation of changes in yield trend and some morphological and physiological traits for wheat, corn and rice during the last 50 years in Iran. (Unpublished)
  68. Willard, P. 2001. Secrets of saffron. The vagabond life of the world's most seductive spice, Beacon Press, Massachusetts. USA. 
  69. Winterhalter, P., and Stranbinger, M. 2000. Saffron renewed interests in an ancient spice. Food Reviews International 16: 39-59.
  70. Zand, E. 2013. Personal communication.
  71. Zare Feizabadi, A., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2006. Evaluation of the trend for average yield and total production of cereals in Iran and the future predictions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3(4): 49-69. (In Persian with English Summary)