با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه پژوهشی زعفران، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند

2 دانشیار گروه پژوهشی زعفران، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند

چکیده

برهم­کنش مدیریت آبیاری و تغذیه­ عامل مهمی در رشد بنه و گلدهی زعفران است. در خصوص مدیریت آبیاری زعفران نیز برخی معتقدند که مصرف آب بیش از مقادیر رایج در زراعت این گیاه می­تواند سودمند باشد. بر این اساس، در آزمایشی اثرات رژیم آبیاری [فواصل آبیاری دو و چهار هفته (بدون لحاظ کردن میزان بارندگی) به­ترتیب معادل با مصرف 3600 (تیمار آبیاری رایج در مناطق نیمه­خشک) و 7200 (تیمار پُرآبیاری) مترمکعب در هکتار در طی فصل رشد] و مصرف کودهای آلی (30 تن در هکتار کود گاوی بر اساس نتایج آنالیز خاک) و شیمیایی (220، 150 و 100 کیلوگرم در هکتار به ترتیب از کودهای اوره، سوپر فسفات تریپل و سولفات پتاسیم بر اساس توصیة کودی حاصل از نتایج آنالیز خاک) به همراه تیمار شاهد (عدم مصرف کود) بر برخی شاخص­های فیزیولوژیکی رشد، تولید بنه و گل در این گیاه بررسی شد. این آزمایش به­صورت فاکتوریل بر مبنای طرح بلوک­ کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال­ زراعی 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی سرایان وابسته به دانشگاه بیرجند اجرا شد. شاخص­های رشد رویشی در طی چرخة اول رشد گیاه از پاییز 1394 تا اواسط بهار 1395 تعیین شد و صفات مرتبط با گلدهی نیز در پاییز 1395 ارزیابی گردید. زیست­توده کل گیاه در طی اولین فصل رشد روندی افزایشی داشت و در دو ماه پایانی رشد در هر دو رژیم آبیاری در شرایط استفاده از کود آلی قبل از کاشت گیاه، بیش از سایر تیمارها بود. سرعت رشد گیاه در اوایل (90 روز اول رشد)، اواسط (روزهای 90 تا 150 رشد) و اواخر (روزهای 150 تا 180 رشد) دوره رشد زعفران به ترتیب کند (کمتر از 9/3 گرم در مترمربع زمین در روز)، سریع (9/3 تا 12 گرم در مترمربع زمین در روز) و حدواسط (حدود 5/5 گرم در مترمربع زمین در روز) بود و بیشترین مقدار آن با حدود 12 گرم در مترمربع زمین در روز، در شرایط مصرف کود آلی و 145 روز پس از اولین آبیاری پاییزه حاصل شد. نسبت وزن برگ (وزن برگ به وزن کل گیاه شامل برگ، غلاف و بنه) نیز در تمامی تیمارها از حدود دو ماه پس از اولین آبیاری پاییزه تا انتهای فصل رشد روندی کاهشی داشت و در شرایط مصرف منابع تغذیه­ای مقادیر نسبتاً بیشتری را نشان داد. مصرف کود آلی به میزان 15 درصد تعداد بنه و 13 درصد وزن کل بنه­های دختری موجود در هر بوته را نسبت به تیمار عدم مصرف کود افزایش داد. بیشترین متوسط وزن هر بنه با 4/6 گرم در تیمار آبیاری با فواصل دو هفته و مصرف کود آلی حاصل شد. بیشترین تعداد گل (98 گل در مترمربع)، عملکرد گل (3/24 گرم در مترمربع)، عملکرد کلاله + خامه (56/0 گرم در مترمربع) و گلبرگ خشک (7/3 گرم در مترمربع) در تیمار مصرف کود گاوی در دور آبیاری چهار هفته به دست آمد. در تیمارهای بدون کود و مصرف کود آلی، بیشترین عملکرد گل و کلاله در دور آبیاری چهار هفته و در تیمار مصرف کود شیمیایی در دور آبیاری دو هفته مشاهده شد؛ بنابراین، به نظر می­رسد حداقل در سال اول کاشت که تراکم گیاهی و سطح تعرق­کنندة زعفران کم می­باشد، مصرف 3600 مترمکعب آب در هر هکتار در طی فصل رشد همراه با مصرف کود آلی سودمند باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Influence of organic and chemical fertilization on growth and flowering of saffron under two irrigation regimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hamid-reza Fallahi 1
  • Sohrab Mahmoodi 2

1 Assistant Professor of Saffron Research Group, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Saffron Research Group, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The combined effect of water and nutrient availability is one of the most important factors in corm growth and flowering of saffron. In addition, it seems that applying water in amounts more than conventional amounts in semi-arid areas can be more useful in saffron cultivation. Accordingly, the effects of irrigation regimes [two and four weeks intervals equal to application of 3600 (conventional irrigation treatment) and 7200 m3.ha-1 (extensive-irrigation treatment) during saffron growth], as well as organic (30 ton.ha-1 cow manure based on soil and manure analysis results) and chemical fertilizers (220, 150 and 100 kg.ha-1 urea, super-phosphate and potassium sulfate, respectively) with a control treatment (no-fertilizer) are studied on some physiological growth indices, corm production and flowering of saffron in this experiment. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized completely block design with three replications in Sarayan county, Iran, during 2014-2016. Vegetative growth indices were studied during the first growth cycle, while flowering indices were measured during the second growth season. Total biomass has an increasing trend during saffron growth cycle in all treatments. This index was higher in cow manure treatment in both levels of water availability, during the last two growth months. Crop growth rate (CGR) was slow (below 3.9 g.m-2.day-1), rapid (3.9-12 g.m-2.day-1) and intermediate (5.5 g.m-2.day-1) in the early (the first 90 days of growth), middle (90-150 days after growth) and late (150-180 days of growth) growth periods. The highest CGR (12 g.m-2.day-1) was obtained in cow manure treatment and 145 days after the first autumnal irrigation. In all treatments, leaf weight ratio (leaf to total plant weight ratio) has a decreasing trend from two months after the first irrigation until the end of the growth cycle and it is slightly higher in fertilization treatments. Cow manure application increased the corm production and total corms weight per plant by 15 and 13%, respectively, compared with the control treatment. The highest mean weight of replacement corms (6.4 g) was shown in combined treatment of cow manure and two weeks' irrigation intervals. The highest values of flower number (98 flower per m2), flower yield (24.3 g.m-2), style yield (0.56 g.m-2) and dry petal yield (3.7 g.m-2) were obtained in plants that had been treated with cow manure and received water in intervals of 4 weeks. In cow manure fertilizer and control treatments, the highest flower and stigma yield were obtained in irrigation intervals of 4 weeks, while in chemical fertilizer treatment, the highest flower and stigma yield were obtained in 2 week irrigation intervals. Therefore, it seems that application of cow manure combined with consumption of 3600 m3.ha-1 is suitable during the first growth cycle of saffron during which corm density and transpiration area are low.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crop growth rate
  • Flowering
  • Leaf weight ratio
  • Organic fertilizer
  • Stigma yield
Aghhavani-Shajari, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A.R., Fallahi, H.R., and Taherpour Kalantari, R. 2015. Evaluation of the effects of soil texture on yield and growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology 2 (4): 311-322. (In Persian with English Summary).
Alipoor, Z., Mahmoodi, S., Behdani, M.A., and Sayyari, M.H. 2015. Effect of bio-, manure and chemical fertilizers and corm weight on the corm characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus). Plant Production Technology 7 (2): 13-24. (In Persian with English Summary).
Azizi-Zohan, A.A., Kamkar Haghighi, A.A., and Sepaskhah, A.R. 2006 Effect of Irrigation Method and Frequency on Corm and Saffron Production (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 10 (1): 45-53. (In Persian with English Summary).
Barati, V., and Ghadiri, H. 2016. Effects of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and grain protein content of two barley cultivars. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 20: 191-207. (In Persian with English Summary).
Behdani, M.A. 2006. Ecological zoning and monitoring of saffron yield variation in Khorasan. Ph. D. Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Summary).
Behdani, M.A., and Fallahi, H.R. 2015. Saffron: Technical Knowledge Based on Research Approaches. University of Birjand Publication. (In Persian).
Behdani, M.A. 2011. Saffron (Crocus sativus L.). In: Future Crops (Eds: Peter, K.V.). Daya Publishing House. New Delhi, India. 286 p.
Behdani, M.A., Jami Al-ahmadi, M., and Fallahi, H.R. 2016. Biomass partitioning during the life cycle of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) using regression models. Journal of Crop Sciences and Biotechnology 19 (1): 71-76.
Behnia, M. 1991. Saffron Agronomy. University of Tehran Publication. 158 p (In Persian).
Chaji, N., Khorassani, R., Astaraei, A.R., and Lakzian, A. 2013. Effect of phosphorous and nitrogen on vegetative growth and production of daughter corms of saffron. Journal of Saffron Research 1 (1): 1-12. (In Persian with English Summary).
Fallahi, H.R., Zamani, G., Mehrabani, M., Aghhavani-Shajari, M., and Samadzadeh, A. 2016. Influence of superabsorbent polymer rates on growth of saffron replacement corms. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology 19 (1): 77-84.
Gresta, F., Lombardo, G.M., Siracusa, L., and Ruberto, G. 2008. Saffron, an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 28: 95-112.
Jasmi, K. 2012. Evaluation of soil sustainability indices in saffron farms of Birjand. M.Sc Thesis of Agroecology, University of Birjand.
Juan, J.A., Corcoles, H.L., M-Munoz, R., and Picornell, R. 2009. Yield and yield components of saffron under different cropping systems. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 212–219.
Kariminejad, M., 2015. Effect of different levels chemical fertilizers and biological nitrogen on yield and photosynthetic pigments of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in different density corm. Crop Ecophysiology 7 (3): 1-14. (In Persian with English Summary).
Katawazy, A.S. 2013. A Comprehensive Study of Afghan Saffron. Afghanistan Investment Support Agency. 46 p.
Koocheki, A.R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Fallahi, H.R., and Aghhavani-Shajari, M. 2011. Effect of planting date, cover crops and spring- summer- and fall-irrigation on saffron forage yield. First National Conference about Opportunity Methods for Sustainable Agriculture. June, Payam Noor Ahvaz University, Ahvaz, Iran. (In Persian).
Koocheki, A.R., and Seyyedi, S.M. 2015. Phonological stages and formation of replacement corms of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) during growing period. Journal of Saffron Research 3 (2): 134-154. (In Persian with English Summary).
Koocheki, A.R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Fallahi, H.R., and Aghhavani-Shajari, M. 2016. The study of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) replacement corms growth in response to planting date, irrigation management and companion crops. Journal of Saffron Agronomy and Technology 4 (1): 3-18. (In Persian with English Summary).
Koocheki, A.R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Fallahi, H.R. 2017. Effects of planting dates, irrigation management and cover crops on growth and yield of saffron (Crocus sativa L.). Journal of Agroecology, In Press. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mollafilabi, A., and Khorramdel, S. 2016. Effects of cow manure and foliar spraying on agronomic criteria and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in a six-year old farm. Journal of Saffron Agronomy & Technology 3 (4): 237-249. (In Persian with English Summary).
Renau-Morata, B., Nebauer, S., Sanchez, R., and Molina, R.V. 2012. Effect of corm size, water stress and cultivation conditions on photosynthesis and biomass partitioning during the vegetative growth of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Industrial Crops and Products 39: 40-46.
Rezvani-Moghaddam, P., Mohammad Abadi, A.A., Fallahi, H.R., and Aghhavani shajari, M. 2014. Effects of nutrient management on flower yield and corm characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Journal of Horticultural Science 28 (3): 427-434. (In Persian with English Summary).
Sabet Teimouri, M., Kafi, M., Avarseji, A., and Orooji, K. 2010. Effect of drought stress, corm size and corm tunic on morphoecophysiological characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in greenhouse condition. Journal of Agroecology 2 (2): 323-334. (In Persian with English Summary).
Shir-Mohammadi Aliakbar-Khani, Z. 2003. Investigation the effects of irrigation methods and water defiction on leaf area index, canopy temperature and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). M.Sc Thesis, University of Shiraz, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
Tarigh-Aleslami, M., Zarghami, R., Mashadi Akbarboojar, M., and Ovaysi, M. 2012. Effect of Nitrogen fertilizer and water deficit stress on physiological indices of corn (Zea mays L.). Agronomy and Plant Breeding Journal 8 (1): 161-174. (In Persian with English Summary).
Teimori, S., Behdani, M.A., Ghaderi, M.G., and Sadeghi B. 2013. Investigation on the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on morphological and agronomic of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) corm criteria. Journal of Saffron Research 1 (1): 36-47. (In Persian with English Summary).
Yarami, N., Kamgar-Haghighi, A.A., Sepaskhah, A.R., and Zand-Parsa, S. 2011. Determination of the potential evapotranspiration and crop coefficient for saffron using a water-balance lysimeter. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 57: 727-740.