زراعت و فناوری زعفران
با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

تحلیل عوامل تعیین کننده کارایی فنی تصحیح‌شده در کشت زعفران با رهیافت تحلیل پوششی داده‌های دو مرحله‌ای بوت‌استرپ

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسنده

مرتضی یعقوبی 1، 2

1 استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه، ایران

2 پژوهشکده زعفران، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2026.520132.1577
چکیده
این مطالعه به ارزیابی کارایی فنی مزارع زعفران در شهرستان‌های تربت حیدریه و زاوه با رویکرد تحلیل پوششی داده‌های دو مرحله‌ای بوت‌استرپ می‌پردازد. داده‌های مقطعی از ۱۰۸ تولیدکننده زعفران در شش ناحیه جمع‌آوری شد و نمرات کارایی فنی تحت شرایط بازده متغیر نسبت به مقیاس با استفاده از مدل تحلیل پوششی داده‌های ورودی‌محور برآورد گردید. برای سازگاری و استحکام برآوردها، از رهیافت بوت‌استرپ دو مرحله‌ای تصحیح‌شده سیمار و ویلسون (۲۰۰۷، الگوریتم ۲) با ۱۰۰۰ تکرار استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد میانگین کارایی فارل مزارع حدود ۲۵ درصد بیش‌برآورد دارند. تفاوت‌های منطقه‌ای در نمرات کارایی معنادار است (χ² = 12.74; p < 0.05) به طوری که بیشترین میانگین کارایی در کدکن (۰.۳۲) و کمترین آن در ناحیه مرکزی (۰.۱۷) است. رگرسیون بریده بوت‌استرپ رابطه‌ U شکل معکوس بین سن مزرعه و کارایی را شناسایی کرد، بدین معنا که کارایی فنی ابتدا با افزایش سن مزرعه افزایش و سپس کاهشی است. تجربه در کشت زعفران مثبت و معنادار است(p < 0.01) اما تحصیلات و سن کشاورز معناداری نیستند. تحلیل اسلک‌ها ناهمگونی مکانی و ناکارایی قابل توجه در مصرف نهاده‌ها را نشان داد به نحوی که بدون کاهش در مقدار تولید، به طور متوسط امکان کاهش در مصرف آب حدود 707 متر مکعب در هکتار، زمین حدود ۳ هکتار، مصرف بنه حدود ۵۲۸کیلوگرم در هکتار و نیروی کار حدود ۲۰ نفر-روز در هکتار وجود دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تحلیل پوششی داده‌ها
بوت‌استرپ
تصحیح اریب
کارایی فنی
رگرسیون بریده
زعفران
بهره‌وری کشاورزی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Determinants of Bias-Corrected Technical Efficiency in Saffron Production: ‎Evidence from A Double Bootstrap DEA Approach

نویسنده English

morteza yaqubi 1 2
1 Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Iran
2 Saffron Institute, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Iran
چکیده English

This study evaluates the technical efficiency of saffron farms in Torbat Heydarieh and Zaveh Counties, ‎located on northeastern Iran, using a two-stage double-bootstrap Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) ‎approach. Cross-sectional data were collected from 108 saffron producers across six districts, and ‎technical efficiency (TE) scores were estimated under variable returns to scale (VRS) with an input-‎oriented DEA model. The bias-corrected double-bootstrap procedure of Simar and Wilson (2007, ‎Algorithm 2) was applied with 1000 replications to ensure consistent inference and robust estimation. ‎Results reveal that the Farrell efficiency estimates tend to overstate farm technical efficiency by ‎approximately 25 percent. I detected significant regional disparities in efficiency scores (χ² = 12.74, p < ‎‎0.05), with the highest mean efficiency observed in Kadkan (0.32) and the lowest in the Central district ‎‎(0.17). The truncated bootstrap regression identified an inverted U-shaped relationship between farm ‎age and efficiency, where efficiency initially increases with farm age but declines beyond a certain ‎point. Experience in saffron cultivation had a strong positive and statistically significant effect on ‎efficiency (p < 0.01), while education level and farmer’s age were not significant predictors. Slack ‎analysis revealed considerable input-specific inefficiencies and spatial heterogeneity in slacks. On ‎average, farms could reduce water use by 706.88 m³/ha, land by 3.04 ha, corm use by ‎528.10‎ kg/ha, and ‎labor by 20 person-days/ha without reducing output.‎

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Data Envelopment Analysis
Bootstrap Bias Correction
Technical Efficiency
Truncated &‌‌‌‌‌lrm
Regression
Saffron
Agricultural Productivity
Ahmed, A. B. A., Taha, R. M., Anuar, N., Elias, H., Abdullah, S., Khan, A., ... & Vidhyavathi, R. (2021). Saffron as a natural food colorant and its applications. Saffron, pp. 221-239. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821219-6.00006-3
Alem, H. (2021). The role of technical efficiency achieving sustainable development: A dynamic analysis of Norwegian dairy farms. Sustainability, 13(4),1841.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041841
Balcombe, K., Fraser, I., Latruffe, L., Rahman, M., & Smith, L. (2008). An application of the DEA double bootstrap to examine sources of efficiency in Bangladesh rice farming. Applied Economics, 40(15), 1919-1925.  https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600905282‎
Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
Chang, Q., Chang, X., Yuan, Y. Q., Zhao, P. Y., He, L. X., Tao, Y. X., & Li, Y. (2025). Eco-efficiency and its determinants of major grain-producing areas in China. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 13, 1597439.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1597439
Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European journal of operational research, 2(6), 429-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Temperini, O., Rea, R., Temperini, A., Colla, G., & Rouphael, Y. (2009). Evaluation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) production in Italy: Effects of the age of saffron fields and plant density. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 7(1), 19-23.
Damayanti, G. S., & Riyanto, P. (2023). Literature Review: The Role of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in Cosmetic Dermatology. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal), 12(6), 375-382. https://doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v12i6.40711
Daraio, C., Simar, L., & Wilson, P. W. (2018). Central limit theorems for conditional efficiency measures and tests of the ‘separability’condition in non‐parametric, two‐stage models of production. The Econometrics Journal, 21(2), 170-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/ectj.12103
Frusciante, L., Geminiani, M., Shabab, B., Olmastroni, T., Scavello, G., Rossi, M., ... & Santucci, A. (2024). Exploring the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of saffron (Crocus sativus) tepals extract within the circular bioeconomy. Antioxidants, 13(9), 1082. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091082
Gaviglio, A., Filippini, R., Madau, F. A., Marescotti, M. E., & Demartini, E. (2021). Technical efficiency and productivity of farms: a periurban case study analysis. Agricultural and Food Economics, 9(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-021-00181-9
Hakim, R., Haryanto, T., & Sari, D. W. (2021). Technical efficiency among agricultural households and determinants of food security in East Java, Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 4141. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83670-7‎
Hatziagapiou, K., Kakouri, E., Lambrou, G. I., Bethanis, K., & Tarantilis, P. A. (2019). Antioxidant properties of Crocus sativus L. and its constituents and relevance to neurodegenerative diseases; focus on Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Current Neuropharmacology, 17(4), 377-402. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x16666180321095705
Khorasanchi, Z., Shafiee, M., Kermanshahi, F., Khazaei, M., Ryzhikov, M., Parizadeh, M. R., ... & Hassanian, S. M. (2018). Crocus sativus a natural food coloring and flavoring has potent anti-tumor properties. Phytomedicine, 43, 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.041
Koocheki, A., Behdani, M. A., & Nassiri, M. (2006). Agronomic attributes of saffron yield at agroecosystems scale in Iran. Journal of Applied Horticulture, 8(2), 121-124. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2006.v08i02.28
Lambarraa-Lehnhardt, F., Uthes, S., Zander, P., & Benhammou, A. (2022). How improving the technical efficiency of Moroccan saffron farms can contribute to sustainable agriculture in the Anti-Atlas region. Studies in Agricultural Economics, 124(3), 96-103. https://doi.org/10.7896/j.2339
López-Penabad, M. C., Maside-Sanfiz, J. M., Torrelles Manent, J., & Iglesias-Casal, A. (2020). Application of the DEA double bootstrap to analyze efficiency in Galician sheltered workshops. Sustainability,  12 (16), Article 6625.  https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166625
Mardani Najafabadi, M., Rastegaripour, F., Yavari, F., & Ahani, E. (2023). Material balance principle to estimate eco-efficiency of saffron-producers aiming reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Iran. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1184458. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1184458
Mzabri, I., Addi, M., & Berrichi, A. (2019). Traditional and modern uses of saffron (Crocus sativus). Cosmetics, 6(4), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics6040063
Nazarian, R., Mahalati, M. N., Sahabi, H., & Feizi, H. (2024). Comparison quality parameters of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) produced in Herat, Afghanistan and Torbat Heydarieh, Iran. Advances in Horticultural Science, 38(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.36253/ahsc-14920
Ngo, M. H., Kim, M. K., & Takagi, C. (2025). Assessing technical efficiency and farmer adoption of organic rice in the Red River Delta of Vietnam: An application of metafrontier DEA and Probit Models. Organic Agriculture, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-025-00486-9
Ramezani, M., Dourandish, A., Jamali Jaghdani, T., & Aminizadeh, M. (2022). The influence of dense planting system on the technical efficiency of saffron production and land use sustainability: Empirical evidence from Gonabad county, Iran. Agriculture, 12(1), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010092
Rastegaripour, F., Najafabadi, M. M., Ohadi, N., Tavassoli, A., & Caballero-Calvo, A. (2025). Enhancing Agricultural Eco-Efficiency Amid Data Uncertainty: Saffron Farming Insights from a Semi-arid Region. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 1-15.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-025-10043-z
Romagnoli, L., Giaccio, V., Mastronardi, L., & Forleo, M. B. (2021). Highlighting the drivers of Italian diversified farms efficiency: A Two-stage DEA-panel Tobit analysis. Sustainability, 13(23), 12949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132312949
Saeidi, E., Dehkordi, A. L., & Nabavi‐Pelesaraei, A. (2022). Potential for optimization of energy consumption and costs in saffron production in central Iran through data envelopment analysis and multi‐objective genetic algorithm. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 41(5), 13857. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.13857
Sardar Shahraki, A., Ghaffari Moghadam, Z., & Hajipour, M. (2025). Analysis of Drivers Influencing the Resilience of Saffron Farmers in Qaenat County. Village and Space Sustainable Development, 6(2), 169-186. https://doi.org/10.22077/vssd.2025.9461.1314
Simar, L., & Wilson, P. W. (2007). Estimation and inference in two-stage, semi-parametric models of production processes. Journal of Econometrics, 136(1), 31-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2005.07.009
Sultana, S., Hossain, M. M., & Haque, M. N. (2023). Estimating the potato farming efficiency: A comparative study between stochastic frontier analysis and data envelopment analysis. Plos One, 18(4), e0284391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284391
Haq, I. ul, & Tariq, A. (2020). Technical efficiency of saffron cultivating farms in Kashmir Valley: Post National Saffron Mission implementation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75(3), 273–289. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.345137
Valiyattoor, V., & Bhandari, A. K. (2020). Conventional procedure vis-à-vis bootstrap-based corrections of efficiency analyses. Indian Growth and Development Review, 13(3), 505-536. https://doi.org/10.1108/IGDR-04-2019-0035
Yadava, A. K. (2024). Macroeconomic determinants of organic farming efficiency: Double bootstrap DEA estimates from the Indian states. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 16(6), 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rspp.2024.100036
Yaqubi, M., Yaghoobzadeh, M., & Tosan, M. (2024). Factor Analysis and Ranking of Saffron Production, Processing and Market Challenges in Torbat Heydarieh, Iran. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 12(1), 194618. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/‎10.22048/jsat.2024.436229.1518
Zhen, Z., Ullah, S., Shaowen, Z., & Irfan, M. (2023). How do renewable energy consumption, financial development, and technical efficiency change cause ecological sustainability in European Union countries?. Energy & Environment, 34(7), 2478-2496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221109949‎
 
 
 

صفحه اصلی

ارسال مقاله

داوران

تماس با ما