زراعت و فناوری زعفران

با همکاری انجمن علمی گیاهان دارویی ایران

شماره جاری

بر اساس شماره‌های نشریه

بر اساس نویسندگان

بر اساس موضوعات

نمایه نویسندگان

نمایه کلیدواژه ها

درباره نشریه

اهداف و چشم انداز

اعضای هیات تحریریه

اصول اخلاقی انتشار مقاله

بانک ها و نمایه نامه ها

پیوندهای مفید

پرسش‌های متداول

فرایند پذیرش مقالات

اطلاعات آماری نشریه

اخبار و اعلانات

فرم های نشریه

راهنمای نویسندگان

تاثیر کودهای زیستی بر عملکرد و برخی ویژگی‌های ریخت‌شناسی زعفران (Crocus sativus L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

3 استادیار گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران

چکیده

کودهای زیستی با پویاسازی عناصر معدنی، نیاز به کودهای شیمیایی را کاهش می­دهند و منجر به افزایش عملکرد می­شوند. از­این­رو با توجه به اهمیت افزایش عملکرد زعفران، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی اداره منابع طبیعی سمنان در سال زراعی 1401-1400 انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل کودهای زیستی فروزینک­­بارور، پتابارور-2، فسفاته بارور-2 و ترکیب آن­ها با هم در کنار شاهد (8 تیمار) بودند که به صورت کودآبیاری در اواسط بهمن ماه 1400 در دو سطح صفر و نیم لیتر در هکتار اعمال شدند. صفات مورد بررسـی شـامل تعداد گل، وزن گل تازه و خشک، وزن تر و خشک کلالـه، طول کلاله و قطر نوک کلاله، طول دوره گلدهی، تعداد برگ و محتـوای کلروفیل برگ بودند. مقایسه میانگین­ها نشان داد که کودهای زیستی باعث افزایش معنی­دار (05/0p ≤) در تمامی صفات به جز تعداد برگ، طول کلاله و قطر نوک کلاله در مقایسه با شاهد شدند. صفات مورد بررسی بهترین نتایج خود را تحت کاربرد ترکیبی کودهای زیستی فروزینک­بارور و پتابارور-2 نشان دادند. به­طوری­که بیشترین مقادیر تعداد گل (175 عدد در متر مربع)، وزن تر گل (61/72 گرم در متر مربع)، وزن خشک گل (92/7 گرم در  متر مربع)، طول دوره گلدهی (21 روز)، محتوای کلروفیل a (728/0 میلی­گرم در گرم وزن تر)، محتوای کلروفیل کل (97/5 میلی­گرم در گرم وزن تر)، وزن تر کلاله (28/4 گرم در متر­مربع) و وزن خشک کلاله (804/0 گرم در مترمربع) در تیمار توام فروزینک بارور و پتابارور-2 به­دست آمد که به ترتیب 1/3، 6/3، 4/3، 1/1، 1/2، 5/1، 3 و 1/3 برابر شاهد بود. به طورکلی کودهای زیستی با اثر بر افزایش حلالیت عناصر غذایی و قابل دسترس کردن آن­ها برای گیاه باعث بهبود صفات کمی زعفران شدند و کاربرد توام کودهای زیستی نیز عملکرد گل و کلاله زعفران را به­طور معنی­داری افزایش داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of biological fertilizers on the yield and some morphological characteristics of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shima Abdoshah 1
  • Davood Bakhshi 2
  • Mohammad Bagher Farhangi 3

1 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agricultural Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agricultural Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Science, College of Agricultural Science, Guilan University, Rasht, Iran

چکیده [English]

Applying chemical fertilizers has traditionally been employed to enhance saffron cultivation yields. However, their excessive usage has not only failed to increase yields significantly but has also resulted in soil element depletion and environmental pollution. In the context of sustainable agriculture, the use of biofertilizers presents an alternative approach. Biofertilizers play a crucial role in reducing the dependency on chemical fertilizers by aiding in the mobilization of mineral elements within the soil, ultimately leading to heightened yield levels. Therefore, due to the importance of increasing the yield of saffron as a strategic export and medicinal plant, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design format with three replications in the research farm of the Semnan Natural Resources Department during the year 2022. Iron-zinc (FeZn), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) biofertilizers, and their combination together with the control (total of 8 treatments) were experimental treatments and applied as fertigation in the middle of February 2022. The studied traits included flowering period, number of flowers, fresh and dry flower weight, fresh and dry weight of stigma, height and diameter of stigma tip, number and length of leaves, and leaf chlorophyll content. The field soil was analyzed before the experiment, and it was a saline calcareous soil with alkaline pH and high levels of nutritional elements, which does not need chemical fertilizers for saffron cultivation. Mean comparisons showed that biofertilizers caused a significant increase (p < 0.05) in all traits except length and number of leaves, height, and stigma diameter compared to the control. This research showed that the combined application of K and FeZn biofertilizers had the best results. So that the highest values of the number of flowers (175 number.plot-1), fresh weight of flowers (72.61 g.plot-1), dry weight of flowers (7.92 g.plot-1), length of flowering period (21 days), chlorophyll a content (0.728 mg.g-1 of leaf fresh weight), total chlorophyll content (5.97 mg.g-1 leaf fresh weight), stigma fresh weight (4.28 g.plot-1) and stigma dry weight (0.804 g.plot-1) were recorded in the  K+FeZn treatment. Overall, the cultivation of saffron with biofertilizers improved most of the quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron by affecting the uptake of nutrients, and the combined use of biofertilizers can significantly increase saffron yield through synergistic effects.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Flower yield
  • Growth promoting bacteria
  • Iron-zinc biofertilizer
  • Potassium biofertilizer
  • Stigma
مراجع
Aalizadeh, M.B., Makarian, H., Ebadi, A., & Shafaroodi, A. (2021). Evaluation of the effect of different fertilizer treatments on yield and some reproductive traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the climatic conditions of Ardabil. Journal of Saffron Research, 9(1), 11-27. (In Persian with English Summary). http://dx.doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2020.3299.1130.
Akbarian, M., Heidari Sharifabad, M., Noormohammadi, H., & Darvish Kojouri, F. (2012). The effect of potassium, zinc and iron foliar application on the production of saffron (Crocus sativus L). Annals of Biological Research, 3(12), 5651-5658. http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html.
Alipoor Miandehi, Z., Mahmodi, S., Behdani, M.A., & Sayyari, M.H. (2014). Effect of manure, bio-and chemical fertilizers and corm size on saffron (Crocus sativus L.) yield and yield components. Journal of Saffron Research, 1(2), 73-84. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2013.435.  
Alloway, B.J. (2004). Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. IZA Publications. International Zinc Association, Brussels. 1-116. https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/90917.
Arif, M., Asifshehzad, M., Bashir, F., Tasneem, M., Yasin, G., & Iqbal, M. (2012). Boron, zinc and microtone effects on growth, chlorophyll contents and yield attributes in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(48), 10851-10858. https://doi.org/ 10.5897/AJB12.393.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in (Beta vulgaris L.) Plant Physiology, 24, 1-15.
Bahnia, M.R. (2012). Saffron: History of Cultivation, Consumption, Botany, Chemistry, Production, Processing, Standard and Marketing. Tehran University Printing and Publishing Institute, Iran.
Bybordy, A., & Mamedov, G. (2010). Evaluation of application methods efficiency of zinc and iron for canola (Brassica napus L.). Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2(1), 94-103. https://doi.org/ 10.15835/nsb213531.
Cardone, L., Castronuovo, D., Perniola, M., Cicco, N., & Candido, V. (2021). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.), the king of spices: An overview. Scientia Horticulturae, 272, 109560.  https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109560.
Carter, M.R., & Gregorich, E.G. (2007). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. CRC press.
Chaudhary, P., Singh, S., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, A., & Kumar, G. (2022). Overview of biofertilizers in crop production and stress management for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 930340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.930340.
Ebrahimi, M., Pouyan, M., Shahi, T., Fallahi, H.R., Hoseini, S., Ragh Ara, H., & Branca, F. (2022). Effects of organic fertilizers and mother corm weight on yield, apocarotenoid concentration and accumulation of metal contaminants in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 38(2), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.2021.1987987.
Esmaeilian, Y., Amiri, M.B., Tavassoli, A., Caballero-Calvo, A., & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2022).  Replacing chemical fertilizers with organic and biological ones in transition to organic farming systems in saffron (Crocus sativus) cultivation. Chemosphere, 307, 135537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135537.
Ghanbari, J., Khajoei-Nejad, G.R., van Ruth, S.M., & Aghighi, S. (2019). The possibility for improvement of flowering, corm properties, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity in saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by different nutritional regimes. Industrial Crops and Products, 135, 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.04.064.
Gol Mohammadi, F., Motamed, M.K., & Miri, F. (2010). A look at the importance and uses of saffron medicinal plant and its export in South Khorasan. National Conference of Medicinal Plants. Iran, 11-12 March 2010. https://sid.ir/paper/820728/fa.
Han, H., Supanjani, S., & Lee, K.D. (2006). Effect of co-inoculation with phosphate and potassium solubilizing bacteria on mineral uptake and growth of pepper and cucumber. Plant, Soil and Environment, 52(3), 130-146. https://doi.org/10.17221/3356-PSE.
Hourani, W. (2022). Effect of fertilizers on growth and productivity of saffron: a review. Agronomy Research 20. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.22.082.
Itelima, J.U., Bang, W.J., Onyimba, I.A., & Egbere, O.J. (2018). A review: biofertilizer; a key player in enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. Microbiology and Biotechnology Reports, 2(1), 22-28. http://directresearchpublisher.org/aboutjournal/drjafs.
Kheiry, A., Parsa, H., Sani Khani, M., & Razavi, F. (2018). Effect of bio-fertilizers and nitrogen on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of petal in saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 6(3), 309-322.
Kianimanesh, K., Lebaschi, M., Jaimand, H., Abdoss, K., & Tabaei-Aghdaei, S.R. (2021). The changes in yield, biochemical properties and essential oil compounds of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) plants treated with organic and inorganic fertilizers under dryland farming system. Medicinal Plants and By-Products, 1, 37-44. https://doi.org/10.22092/jmpb.2020.352052.1262.
Koocheki, A., & Seyyedi, S.M. (2015). Phonological stages and formation of replacement corms of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) during growing period. Journal of Saffron Research, 3(2), 134-154. https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2015.290.
Kothari, D., Kumar, R., & Thakur, R. (2021). Saffron (Crocus sativus L.): gold of the spices-a comprehensive review. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology, 62, 661–677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-021-00349-8.
Kumar, R., Singh, V., Devi, K., Sharma, M., Singh, M.K., & Ahuja, P.S. (2009). State of art of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) agronomy: A comprehensive review. Food Reviews International, 25, 44–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120802458503.
Leylasi Marand, M., & Sarikhani, M.R. (2018). Inoculation of plant growth promoting bacteria on yield, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll index of corn under potassium deficiency. Water and Soil, 32(3), 559-572. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i3.69251.
 Menemizadeh, Z., Ghasemi, M., & Sadrabadi Hachir, R. (2014). A review on the role and importance of foliar nutrition in saffron. Iran, National Conference of Medicinal Plants. 7 May 2015.
Moallem Banhangi, F., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Asadi, G.A., & Khorramdel, S. (2021). Do corm seeding rate and planting depth influence growth indicators of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)? Industrial Crops and Products, 174, 114145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.114145.
Mokhtari, M., Kochchi, A., & Nasiri Mahalati, M. (2014). Meta-analysis of qualitative research (coloring power) of saffron in Iran and the world.  In Fourth National Saffron Conference, Qaenat, Iran, 13 November 2014, p. 9.
Mohammad­ Ghasemi, H., Ghorbani Javed, M., Akbari, G., & Mortazavian, M. (2022). The effect of potassium biological and chemical fertilizer application and corm weight on the physiological characteristics and yield of saffron flowers. Saffron Research Journal, 10(2), 215-230. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2022.2566.1102.
Naghdi Badi, H., Omidi, H., Golzad, A., Torabi, H., & Fotookian, M.H. (2011). Change in crocin, safranal and picrocrocin content and agronomical characters of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under biological and chemical of phosphorous fertilizers. Medicinal Plants, 10(40), 58-68. (In Persian with English Summary).
Omidi, H., Naghdi Badi, H., Golzad, A., Torabi, H., & Footoukian, M. (2009). The effect of chemical and bio fertilizer source of nitrogen on qualitative and quantitative yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Medicinal Plants, 8(30), 98-109. (In Persian with English Summary).
Porra, R.J. (2002). The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73, 149-156.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020470224740.
Ren, X., Zhang, Q., Zhang, W., Mao, J., & Li, P. (2020). Control of aflatoxigenic molds by antagonistic microorganisms: Inhibitory behaviors, bioactive compounds, related mechanisms, and influencing factors. Toxins, 12(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12010024.
Sarikhani, M.R., & Amini, R.  (2020). Biofertilizer in sustainable agriculture: Review on the researches of biofertilizers in Iran. Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 30(1), 329-365. (In Persian with English Summary).
Tabatabaeian, J., Hassanian­ ­Badi, S., & Kadkhodaee, A. (2020). Effect of micronutrient foliar application on quantitative and qualitative traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 8(2), 147-163. (In Persian with English Summary). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2019.179188.1342.
 Tabrizi, L.,  & Azizi, E. (2019). Effects of biofertilizers and corm direction in soil on some agronomic traits of saffron. Saffron Research, 7(2), 311-323. (In Persian with English Summary).
https://doi.org/10.22077/jsr.2019.1808.1069.
Vessey, J.K. (2003). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil, 255, 571-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026037216893.
زراعت و فناوری زعفران
دوره 11، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 40
مهر 1402
صفحه 243-255
فایل ها
هم رسانی
ارجاع به این مقاله
آمار